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Displaying 5861 - 5870 of 6637
Title Authorsort descending Citation Summary Type
Detailed Discussion of State Animal "Terrorism"/Animal Enterprise Interference Laws Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

State animal terrorism laws have been enacted to protect agricultural research and production. The laws prohibit acts that obstruct, impede, or disrupt agricultural operations, research, or experimentation conducted at an animal facility. A person who violates a state animal terrorism law may be charged with a misdemeanor or a felony, face a stiff fine and prison term, and may be required to pay restitution. Opponents of such laws argue that they may violate state and federal constitutional rights.

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Table of Humane Society Enforcement Powers Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

This table outlines the powers granted to agents of humane societies in some states to enforce anti-cruelty statutes. Such powers include serving search warrants, seizing animals, and arresting offenders. Some states require that humane officers complete training and instruction related to investigating animal cruelty.

Topic Table
Brief Summary of Ordinances for Pet Number Restrictions Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

Some cities and towns have attempted to address pet nuisance issues by limiting the number of pets a person can own. These laws are sometimes challenged by pet owners because the laws impact pet owners’ property rights. However, courts usually uphold the laws if they are rationally related to protecting the public health, safety, and welfare.

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Detailed Discussion of the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

The Humane Methods of Slaughter Act (HMSA) is federal legislation that requires that only humane methods of slaughtering and handling livestock in connection with slaughtering be used. Before being shackled, hoisted, thrown, cast, or cut, livestock animals must be rendered insensible to pain by being gassed, electrocuted, or shot in the head with a firearm or captive bolt stunner. HMSA does not apply to birds or animals killed in ritual slaughter, and lacks a general enforcement provision.

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Animal Industry Interference (Ecoterrorism/Agroterrorism) Cynthia Hodges

Brief Summary of Animal Industry Interference ("Ag-Gag") Laws
Cynthia Hodges (2011)

 Topical Introduction
Brief Summary of Laws on Assistance Animals Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

State and federal laws prohibit discrimination against disabled people who rely on service animals. Such laws try to protect the rights of disabled people and safeguard their service animals from harm. The penalties for violating these laws include fines, restitution, and imprisonment.

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The Cracking Facade of the International Whaling Commission as an Institution of International Law: Norwegian Small-Type Whaling Brian T. Hodges 15 J. Envtl. L. & Litig. 295

This article discusses the fact that the International Whaling Commission has not expressly recognized the Makah tribe's aboriginal subsistence need, and instead has intentionally left the issue ambiguous. The only viable reason for the IWC to deny the Norwegians a quota under the same exemption is the "aboriginal" requirement. The IWC should clarify the legal ambiguities regarding the right to harvest whales, and it should grant subsistence right to Norwegian coastal fishermen.

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Lacey Act Cynthia Hodges

Brief Summary of the Lacey Act
Cynthia Hodges, J.D., LL.M., M.A. (2010)

 Topical Introduction
The Link: Cruelty to Animals and Violence Towards People Cynthia Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

The article explores the connection between cruelty to animals and human violence. In particular, it examines animal abuse perpetrated by adolescents as a predictor of later human violence.

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Brief Summary of the Endangered Species Act Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

The Endangered Species Act ("ESA") prohibits importing, exporting, taking, possessing, selling, and transporting endangered and threatened species (with certain exceptions). ESA also provides for the designation of critical habitat and prohibits the destruction of that habitat. ESA provisions are enforced through the use of citizen suits, imprisonment, fines, and forfeiture.

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