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Displaying 5861 - 5870 of 6637
Title Authorsort descending Citation Summary Type
Brief Summary of State Spay and Neuter Laws Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal and Historical Center

A majority of states have enacted laws requiring releasing agencies to sterilize cats and dogs they adopt out in an effort to reduce the number of unwanted animals. Exceptions to the mandatory sterilization laws are often made for owners and for medically unfit animals. Violations are punishable both civilly and criminally.

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Dog Number Restrictions Cynthia Hodges

Brief Summary of Ordinances for Pet Number Restrictions
Cynthia Hodges, J.D., LL.M., M.A. (2010)

 

 Topical Introduction
Overview of Trainer Responsibility for Racehorse Breakdowns in New York Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal and Historical Center

This legal summary contends that trainers should be held criminally liable when racehorses break down under the New York anti-cruelty statute, Agriculture and Markets Law § 353. This section prohibits anyone from unjustifiably overdriving, torturing, injuring, or killing animals. By racing unfit horses, the trainers are not only withholding medical care, but are causing pain and further injury to the horses, which is cruel under the statute. Knowingly racing an unfit horse meets the definition of “cruelty” under § 353, and a guilty trainer should be held to account.

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Detailed Discussion of State Animal "Terrorism"/Animal Enterprise Interference Laws Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

State animal terrorism laws have been enacted to protect agricultural research and production. The laws prohibit acts that obstruct, impede, or disrupt agricultural operations, research, or experimentation conducted at an animal facility. A person who violates a state animal terrorism law may be charged with a misdemeanor or a felony, face a stiff fine and prison term, and may be required to pay restitution. Opponents of such laws argue that they may violate state and federal constitutional rights.

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Horse Racing and Trainer Liability Cynthia Hodges

Brief Summary of Trainer Responsibility for Racehorse Breakdowns in New York
Cynthia F. Hodges, MA, JD (2008)

 Topical Introduction
Brief Summary of Ordinances for Pet Number Restrictions Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

Some cities and towns have attempted to address pet nuisance issues by limiting the number of pets a person can own. These laws are sometimes challenged by pet owners because the laws impact pet owners’ property rights. However, courts usually uphold the laws if they are rationally related to protecting the public health, safety, and welfare.

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Equine Activity Liability Cynthia Hodges

Brief Summary of Equine Activity Liability Acts (EALA)
Cynthia Hodges, J.D., LL.M., M.A. (2010)

 Topical Introduction
Overview of State Emergency Planning Laws for Animals Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

Since 2005, major changes have been made to federal and state emergency planning laws with respect to animals. State laws require emergency plans to include steps to be taken during a disaster, including evacuation, rescue and recovery, shelters and tracking.

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Detailed Discussion of the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

The Humane Methods of Slaughter Act (HMSA) is federal legislation that requires that only humane methods of slaughtering and handling livestock in connection with slaughtering be used. Before being shackled, hoisted, thrown, cast, or cut, livestock animals must be rendered insensible to pain by being gassed, electrocuted, or shot in the head with a firearm or captive bolt stunner. HMSA does not apply to birds or animals killed in ritual slaughter, and lacks a general enforcement provision.

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The Cracking Facade of the International Whaling Commission as an Institution of International Law: Norwegian Small-Type Whaling Brian T. Hodges 15 J. Envtl. L. & Litig. 295

This article discusses the fact that the International Whaling Commission has not expressly recognized the Makah tribe's aboriginal subsistence need, and instead has intentionally left the issue ambiguous. The only viable reason for the IWC to deny the Norwegians a quota under the same exemption is the "aboriginal" requirement. The IWC should clarify the legal ambiguities regarding the right to harvest whales, and it should grant subsistence right to Norwegian coastal fishermen.

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