Statute in Full:
Bensalem Township Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Bensalem Township Pennsylvania
Code Township of Bensalem, Pennsylvania
Chapter 80 DOGS AND OTHER ANIMALS*
__________
*Cross references: Noise, Ch. 149; swine, Ch. 205.
State law references: Dog Law, 3 P.S. § 459-101 et seq.
__________
Article I. Dogs
Sec. 80-1. Definitions.
Sec. 80-2. License required.
Sec. 80-3. Registration.
Sec. 80-4. Running at large.
Sec. 80-5. Committing nuisances.
Sec. 80-6. Noise.
Sec. 80-7. Vicious dogs; bites.
Sec. 80-8. Seizure of dogs at large.
Sec. 80-9. Noise complaints; warnings.
Sec. 80-10. Disposition of fines and penalties.
Sec. 80-11. Dogs in heat.
Sec. 80-12. Violations and penalties.
Article II. Animals Committing Nuisances
Sec. 80-13. Prohibited acts.
Sec. 80-14. Removal.
Sec. 80-15. Exception.
Sec. 80-16. Enforcement.
Sec. 80-17. Violations and penalties.
ARTICLE I. DOGS
Sec. 80-1. Definitions.
(a) Except as provided for in this section, words used in this chapter shall be as defined in the Dog Law, 3 P.S. § 459-102, or have the meanings generally assigned them in common usage.
(b) For the purpose of this chapter, the following terms shall have the following meanings respectively designated for each:
Animal control officer. Any person employed by the Township of Bensalem and whose duty it is to enforce the provisions of this chapter, and it shall further mean that said "animal control officer" shall be sworn in by the Township of Bensalem as a special officer under the supervision of the Township Chief of Police.
Dog pound. Any place designated by the Board of Supervisors of Bensalem Township, whether within or without the corporate limits of such township, for the detention and impounding of dogs which are seized for the violation of the provisions of this chapter.
Vicious dog or dogs. Any dog or dogs that have bitten three or more people or which have viciously and without cause attacked a human being when off the premises of the owner or keeper of said dog or one which is known or should be known to have a propensity to bite or attack people or other animals.
Sec. 80-2. License required.
Provisions requiring the licensing of dogs are contained in the Dog Law, 3 P.S. § 459-201 et seq.
Sec. 80-3. Registration.
Provisions covering the registration of dogs are contained in the Dog Law, 3 P.S. § 459-216.
Sec. 80-4. Running at large.
Provisions relating to dogs at large are contained in the Dog Law, 3 P.S. § 459-301 et seq.
Sec. 80-5. Committing nuisances.
It shall be unlawful for any owner of a dog or dogs to allow or permit a dog to commit a nuisance on any public property or any improved private property other than that of said owner or keeper who has accepted custody of such dog or dogs, provided that the foregoing shall not apply to street gutters of said township. It shall be the duty of all persons having control of such dog or dogs to curb such dog or dogs in order to carry out the intent of this section.
Sec. 80-6. Noise.
It shall be unlawful to own, harbor or keep in custody any dog which disturbs the peace by barking, howling or making other loud noises to the annoyance and discomfort of any person in the Township of Bensalem. Continuous barking, howling or the making of other loud noises by such dog for more than any one hour or continuous barking for periods of less than one hour but more than one-half hour, which periods occur on two or more consecutive days, shall be deemed to disturb the peace and to cause annoyance and discomfort to persons in the Township of Bensalem.
Sec. 80-7. Vicious dogs; bites.
Provisions regarding vicious dogs and incidents of dog biting are contained in the Dog Law, 3 P.S. §§ 459-501(d) and 459-502.
Sec. 80-8. Seizure of dogs at large.
Provisions concerning the seizure and detention of dogs at large, costs thereof and the redemption or destruction of such dogs are contained in the Dog Law, 3 P.S. §§ 459-302 and 459-303.
Sec. 80-9. Noise complaints; warnings.
(a) Any person may request the Township police department to warn any person who shall own, harbor or keep in custody any dog which disturbs the peace by barking, howling or making other loud noise to the annoyance and discomfort of persons in the Township of Bensalem.
(b) A warning by the police shall consist of delivery of a copy of this chapter at the residence in the Township of Bensalem of any such owner, keeper or custodian. In the absence of any such warning made by said police, the complaining person may request the animal control officer to provide such warning.
(c) Any such request shall be in writing and shall identify and specify the residence of the owner, keeper or custodian of the dog or other animal and shall identify and specify the residence of the person making the request. Upon receipt of such request, the animal control officer shall mail a copy of this chapter to the person identified as the owner, keeper or custodian of the dog or other animal.
(d) Violation of this chapter shall be deemed to have occurred upon a second or subsequent violation of the above after the date of delivery of the warning.
Sec. 80-10. Disposition of fines and penalties.
Provisions relating to the disposition of fines and penalties are contained in the Dog Law, 3 P.S. §§ 459-302 and 459-905.
Sec. 80-11. Dogs in heat.
Provisions regarding dogs in heat are contained in the Dog Law, 3 P.S. § 459-304.
Sec. 80-12. Violations and penalties.
Provisions providing fines and penalties for the violation of this chapter are contained in the Dog Law, 3 P.S. § 459-903.
ARTICLE II. ANIMALS COMMITTING NUISANCES
Sec. 80-13. Prohibited acts.
No person having possession, custody or control of any animal shall knowingly or negligently permit any dog or other animal to commit any nuisance upon any gutter, street, driveway, alley, curb or sidewalk in the township; or upon any public park, public area, play area, open space or green area of the municipality, or state or federal lands; or upon the floors or stairways of any building or place frequented by the public or used in common by the tenants, or upon the outside walls, walkways, driveways, alleys, curbs and/or lawns, or stairways of any building abutting on a public park or public area, or upon any private property other than the property of the owner of such animal.
(Ord. No. 401, 8-15-88)
Sec. 80-14. Removal.
Any person having possession, custody or control of any dog or other animal which commits a nuisance in any area other than the private property of the owner of such dog or other animal shall be required to immediately remove said feces from such surface and either carry the same away for disposal in a toilet or place the same in a nonleaking container for deposit in a trash or litter receptacle.
(Ord. No. 401, 8-15-88)
Sec. 80-15. Exception.
The provisions of this article shall not apply to a guide dog accompanying any blind persons, or to a dog used to assist any other physically handicapped person, or to animals used in any police or fire activities of the township.
(Ord. No. 401, 8-15-88)
Sec. 80-16. Enforcement.
For the purposes of enforcing the provisions of this article, notice of violation shall be issued by police officers or any other person authorized to enforce ordinances.
(1) Whenever a police officer or any other official authorized to enforce ordinances observes a violation of the provision of this Article, he shall hand to the violator a printed notice of violation. Such notice shall bear the date, time and nature of the violations, dog license number, identity and address of the violator and the amount to be remitted in response to the notice of violation and shall be signed by the person issuing the notice and shall bear the police officer's badge number or other official identification number identifying the person issuing the violation notice.
(2) Any person who receives a notice of violation may, within ten days, pay the amount of $50.00, admit the violation and waive appearance before a District Court Judge. The notice of violation shall contain an appropriate statement for signature by the violator for the purpose of admitting the violation and waiving a hearing and shall be returned by the violator when he remits the stipulated payment.
(3) If a person who receives a notice of violation fails to pay the prescribed payment within ten days of the issuance of the notice of violation, a code enforcement complaint shall be issued for such violation in such manner as provided by law. If the person named in the code enforcement complaint is found to have violated this article or fails to appear on the date set for hearing, he shall be subject to the imposition of fines in the amounts set forth plus court costs.
(Ord. No. 401, 8-15-88)
Sec. 80-17. Violations and penalties.
(a) The penalty for violation of any provision of this article shall be a minimum fine of $50.00 and no more than $600.00 for each violation.
(b) Any fine or costs imposed by the court shall be entered as a judgment against the violator.
(c) Any fine imposed by the court shall be paid within ten days of its imposition. If the fine together with any court cost is not paid within such period, the violator shall be subject to proceedings for contempt of court and/or collection of the fine as provided by law.
(Ord. No. 401, 8-15-88; Ord. No. 414, 12-19-88)
Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
Code of Ordinances City of Pittsburgh
ARTICLE III: DOGS, CATS AND OTHER ANIMALS
CHAPTER 631: ANIMAL BITES
§ 631.01 Reports and quarantine notice
§ 631.02 Quarantine of biting animal
§ 631.03 Penalty and violation
CHAPTER 633: DOGS AND CATS
§ 633.01 Definitions.
§ 633.02 Dog license required; exemption and term.
§ 633.03 Cat identification required by owner.
§ 633.04 Information required.
§ 633.05 Rabies vaccination.
§ 633.06 License fee; exceptions.
§ 633.07 Tag and collar; nontransferable or lost.
§ 633.08 Dogs at large prohibited.
§ 633.09 Harboring a nuisance; exceptions.
§ 633.10 Shelters.
§ 633.11 Nondomestic canine, nondomestic feline and hybrids.
§ 633.12 Number of pets permitted in City limits; exceptions.
§ 633.13 Litter registration; limits; exceptions.
§ 633.14 Impounding; notice, redemption and charges.
§ 633.15 Disposition of unclaimed animals.
§ 633.16 Spaying and neutering program.
§ 633.17 Program limitation; funding.
§ 633.18 Animal control informational service and duties.
§ 633.19 Penalty and violation.
§ 633.20 Dangerous dogs.
§ 633.21 Animal fighting reward program.
§ 633.22 Off-leash exercise areas.
CHAPTER 634: KENNELS AND CATTERIES
§ 634.01 Definitions
§ 634.02 Kennel/cattery permits
§ 634.03 Veterinary care
§ 634.04 Health records
§ 634.05 Facilities
§ 634.06 Primary enclosures
§ 634.07 Housing
§ 634.08 Food, water and bedding
§ 634.09 Sanitation
§ 634.10 Interference; penalty and violation
CHAPTER 635: OTHER ANIMALS AND FOWL
§ 635.01 Definitions
§ 635.02 Fowl at large
§ 635.03 Riding or driving prohibited; exception
§ 635.04 Use of painful techniques and devices prohibited at rodeos
§ 635.05 Notification of rodeo required
§ 635.06 Humane agent access to rodeos
§ 635.07 Presence of veterinarian required at rodeos
§ 635.08 Violation and penalty
CHAPTER 636: WILD ANIMALS
§ 636.01 Definitions
§ 636.02 Exhibition of carnivorous wild animals
§ 636.03 Exceptions
§ 636.04 Permits required for possession of wild animals
§ 636.05 Violation and penalty
§ 631.01 REPORTS AND QUARANTINE NOTICE.
(a) It shall be the duty of any person treating a patient or another person who has received a bite or laceration caused by a mammal to report such injury to the City of Pittsburgh Animal Control Department. The report shall give the name, age, sex and address of the person treated, date of occurrence and if available, the name and address of the animal's owner and the animal's breed, sex, age, color and history of vaccination.
(b) The Police Department, City of Pittsburgh Animal Control Department or other authorized local agency is hereby authorized to investigate a reported biting incident and to notify the mammal owner, by a quarantine notice form the animal is required to be quarantined for not less than ten (10) days following the evening of the day of the bite. If the bite was inflicted by a wild animal or a stray unlicensed dog or cat that is not reclaimed from the impounding facility within seventy-two (72) hours or a licensed animal not reclaimed within ten (10) days, the animal may be euthanized and the remains prepared and turned over to the Allegheny County Health Department for appropriate testing for rabies virus.
(c) Following the investigation of each biting incident, the Police Department, City of Pittsburgh Animal Control Department or other authorized local agency shall send a report to the Allegheny County Health Department on an animal bite reporting form as provided by the Department.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 631.02 QUARANTINE OF BITING ANIMAL.
Any dog, cat or mammal which has been exposed to rabies, shall be immediately destroyed unless otherwise provided herein. If the owner is unwilling to destroy the animal, the owner shall be responsible to ensure one (1) of the following alternatives shall be complied with:
(a) Strict isolation in a kennel or animal hospital for six (6) months.
(b) If no previous vaccination has been given with an approved vaccine, post exposure treatment shall be administered and confinement in a kennel for three (3) months. Post exposure treatment shall be done in accordance with the method prescribed by the Allegheny County Health Department.
(c) If the animal has been vaccinated previously within one (1) year with an inactivated vaccine or within three (3) years with approved vaccine, the animal shall be revaccinated and restrained by a leash or confined at home for thirty (30) days.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 631.03 PENALTY AND VIOLATION.
Any person violating any provision of this Chapter shall be fined three hundred fifty dollars ($350.00) plus costs, if it is a first offense. The penalty shall be one thousand dollars ($1,000.00) plus costs, for each subsequent offense.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
CHAPTER 633: DOGS AND CATS
§ 633.01 DEFINITIONS.
As used in this Chapter, certain terms are defined as follows:
(a) OWNER. When applied to the proprietorship of a dog or cat, includes every person having a right of property in the dog or cat and every person who keeps or harbors the dog or cat or has it in his or her care, and every person who permits the dog or cat to remain on or about any premises occupied by him or her.
(b) KENNEL. Any indoor housing facility wherein dogs are kept for the purpose of breeding, hunting, training, leasing, buying, boarding, sale, show, exchange or placement as pets or other similar purpose and is so constructed that dogs cannot stray therefrom.
(c) CATTERY. Any indoor housing facility wherein cats are kept for the purpose of leasing, buying, sale, boarding, show, breeding, exchange or placement as pets or other similar purpose and is so constructed that the cats cannot stray therefrom.
(d) CAT. Any member of the genus and species known as Felis domesticus, male, female or alter.
(e) IMPOUND. To apprehend, catch, trap, net or if necessary to kill any animal by the local police department or authorized local agency.
(f) AT LARGE. Any dog or other animal when it is off the property of its owner and not restrained by the owner, keeper or another competent person.
(g) RESTRAINT or RESTRAINED. When a dog or other animal is controlled by leash or chain not exceeding six (6) feet in length or when a dog or other animal is confined to the owners property.
(h) VETERINARIAN. A doctor of veterinary medicine who is graduated from an accredited and recognized school of veterinary medicine, and possesses a license to practice veterinary medicine.
(i) MAMMAL. Any of the mammalia class of higher vertebrates comprising animals that nourish their young with milk secreted by mammary glands and have the skin more or less covered with hair. For purposes of this Chapter, man is excluded from the term mammal.
(j) DOG. Any member of the genus and species known as Canis Familiaris, male, female or alter.
(k) IMPOUNDING FACILITIES. Any premises for the purpose of impounding and caring for animals.
(l) NONDOMESTIC CANINE. Any species of the genus canis other than Canis Familiaris.
(m) NONDOMESTIC FELINE. Any species of the genus Felis other than Felis Domesticus.
(n) HYBRID. Any canine whose known ancestry includes a species other than Canis Familiaris or any feline whose known ancestry includes a species other than Felis Domesticus.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.02 DOG LICENSE REQUIRED; EXEMPTION AND TERM.
(a) No person shall keep, harbor or maintain a dog over the age of three (3) months unless the owner obtains a license from the City Treasurer or his or her authorized agent.
(b) The provisions of this section shall not apply to dogs whose owners are within the City for sixty (60) days or less or to dogs brought into this City for the purpose of participating in a dog show or similar event.
(c) The license year shall be from January 1 to December 31 of each year. License year shall become effective January 1, 1993.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.03 CAT IDENTIFICATION REQUIRED BY OWNER.
No person shall keep, harbor or maintain a cat that roams freely unless the owner identifies the cat or cats with an identification collar or tag that shall clearly and legibly state the cat owner's name, address and telephone.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.04 INFORMATION REQUIRED.
The owner shall state at the time the application is made for a license, and upon printed forms provided for the purpose, his or her name, address, telephone number and the name, breed, color and sex of each dog or cat for which a license is acquired.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.05 RABIES VACCINATION.
Proof of a dog or cat's current rabies vaccination shall be provided to an employee of the City Animal Control Department upon request.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.06 LICENSE FEE; EXCEPTIONS.
(a) Before a license is issued, fees shall be paid to the City Treasurer or his or her authorized agent according to the following schedule:
(1) Twelve dollars ($12.00) for unspayed female or unneutered male dogs; and
(2) Seven dollars ($7.00) for spayed female or neutered male dogs or those that are certified by a veterinarian to be incapable of breeding or being bred or those less than six (6) months of age. Proof of the animal being spayed, neutered or unable to breed or be bred, in certificate form from a veterinarian, shall be required to receive this reduced fee.
(b) Licenses are to be issued without charge to guide dogs, service dogs or hearing dogs which are properly trained to assist blind or deaf persons.
(c) All kennels shall be required to have the owner purchase and place a license on every dog placed from that kennel.
(d) The City Treasurer or his or her authorized agent shall provide licenses, effective for the remainder of the license year, to nonprofit shelters located within the City limits to be distributed free of charge to the dogs and cats placed with City residents.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92; Am. Ord. 32-1999, eff. 12-1-99)
§ 633.07 TAG AND COLLAR; NONTRANSFERABLE OR LOST.
(a) Tag and collar. Upon payment of the license fee, there shall be issued to the owner a tag for each dog licensed. The tag shall be changed every year and shall have stamped thereon the year for which it was issued. Every owner shall be required to provide each dog which ventures upon the public streets, sidewalks or other public places with a collar to which license tag shall be affixed. The tag number, preceded by the letters "PGH" and the license year, written clearly and legibly upon the collar, shall be regarded as an acceptable substitute for the presence of the tag upon the collar.
(b) Nontransferable and nonrefundable. License tags or numbers shall not be transferable from one (1) dog to another and no refunds shall be made on license fee because of the death of dog or the owner leaving the City before expiration of the licensed period.
(c) Lost or stolen tags. Tags that are lost or stolen may be reissued for the same dog upon payment of a fee of two dollars ($2.00).
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.08 DOGS AT LARGE PROHIBITED.
No person, whether as owner or person in possession, shall permit his or her dog to run at large upon the public streets, sidewalks or other public places, or upon the property of another. A dog shall be restrained by the use of a leash, or a chain not exceeding six (6) feet in length, at all times when upon public places, streets and park.
(a) Exceptions. It is not a violation of this section to have a dog off-leash in a specific area designated by the Director of Parks & Recreation to be an Off Leash Exercise Area (OLEA) (see City Code at 633.21).
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92; Am. Ord. 33-1999, eff. 12-1-99)
§ 633.09 HARBORING A NUISANCE; EXCEPTIONS.
(a) No person shall keep or harbor any dog, cat or other animal in the City so as to create offensive odors, excessive noise or unsanitary conditions which are a menace to the health, comfort or safety of the public, or otherwise permit the commission or existence of a nuisance as defined herein.
(b) Any dog, cat or other animal, which by frequent and habitual barking, howling, screeching, yelping or baying, or in any way or manner disturbs the quiet of any person or the community, or which disturbs or endangers the comfort, repose or health of persons, is hereby declared to be committing a nuisance. No owner or person having custody of the animal shall harbor or permit it to commit a nuisance.
(c) Any dog, cat or other animal which scratches, digs or defecates upon any lawn, tree, shrub, plant, building or any other public or private property, other than the property of the owner or person in charge or control of the animal, is hereby declared to be a nuisance.
(d) No person being the owner or in charge or control of any dog, cat or other animal shall permit the animal to commit a nuisance on any school grounds, City park or other public property, or upon any private property other than that of the owner or person in charge or control of the dog, cat or other animal without the permission of the owner of the property. Where the owner or person in charge or control of the animal immediately removes all feces deposited by the animal and disposes of same in a sanitary manner, the type of nuisance shall be considered abated.
(e) Persons with physical handicaps, defective eyesight or hearing while relying upon a dog specifically trained for these purposes shall be exempt from compliance with subsections (c) and (d) hereof.
(f) Any female dog or cat in season shall be kept properly confined indoors.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.10 SHELTERS.
(a) Dogs and cats shall be provided access to shelter which protects them against inclement weather, keep them dry and allows them to preserve a normal body temperature.
(b) If dog houses with chains are used as shelters for dogs kept outside, the chains used shall contain a swivel or be attached to a swivel and shall be placed and attached so that they cannot become entangled with the chains of other dogs or another object. The chains shall be a type commonly used for the size and type of dog involved and shall be attached to the dog by means of a well-fitted buckle-type collar. The chains shall be at least three (3) times the length of the dog as measured from the tip of its nose to the base of its tail, but no less than ten (10) feet in length and shall allow the dog convenient access to the dog house.
(c) No animal may be housed on a temporary or permanent basis in any shelter constructed of uninsulated metal.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.11 NONDOMESTIC CANINE, NON-DOMESTIC FELINE AND HYBRIDS.
No person or residence shall be permitted to own, harbor or maintain a nondomestic canine, a nondomestic feline or hybrid within the City limits. This section shall not affect any animal owned by a person living within the City limits prior to the effective date of this section. This section shall not apply to any educational, institutional, zoological garden or circus.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.12 NUMBER OF PETS PERMITTED IN City LIMITS; EXCEPTIONS.
No person or residence shall be permitted to own, harbor or maintain more than five (5) dogs or cats or any combination thereof within City limits. This section shall not affect any person or residence whose number of dogs, cats or any combination thereof exceeds the limit of five (5) prior to the effective date of this section and upon elimination of dogs or cats by adoption, death or any permanent removal from that person or residence, owners exceeding the limit of five (5) are not permitted to obtain additional dogs or cats. This section shall not affect kennels and catteries that have been granted a kennel/cattery permit by the City Animal Control Department nor shall it affect kennels registered with the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.13 LITTER REGISTRATION; LIMITS; EXCEPTIONS.
All litters of puppies and kittens born within City limits are required to be registered with the City Animal Control Department within ten (10) working days of birth. There shall be no fee to register the first litter born between January 1 and December 31 of any year. Each household excluding those holding a current kennel/cattery permit shall be limited to one (1) litter of puppies or kittens per year. The five (5) pet limit described in § 635.03 shall not include litters of young under twelve (12) weeks of age that have been registered with the Department. This section shall not affect kennels registered with the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.14 IMPOUNDING; NOTICE, REDEMPTION AND CHARGES.
(a) Every police officer or other authorized agency shall impound every dog at large.
(b) After the impounding of any animal, if the animal is licensed, the owner shall be notified and the animal shall be held for ten (10) days from the date of the impounding notice. The owner of any impounded animal may reclaim the animal upon payment of all costs and charges incurred by the City for impounding and maintenance of the animal.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.15 DISPOSITION OF UNCLAIMED ANNALS.
(a) Unlicensed dogs, cats and other animals. Any unlicensed dog, cat or other animal may be adopted or euthanized in some humane manner if not redeemed or claimed within three (3) days after impounding.
(b) Licensed dogs and cats. Licensed dogs and cats may be adopted or euthanized in some humane manner if not redeemed within ten (10) days from the date of an impounding notice to the owner of the licensed dog.
(c) No animal shall be provided by the City to any person or institution for the purposes of medical research.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.16 SPAYING AND NEUTERING PROGRAM.
In order to encourage the sterilization of dogs and cats in the city, the City shall subsidize participating City residents a specified sum toward the cost of spaying or castration services in accordance with the following procedure:
(a) City residents who wish to participate in the program shall obtain vouchers from the Animal Control Division.
(b) City residents may submit the voucher to any veterinarian performing surgery in the City and participating in the City's spaying and neutering program.
(c) The City shall compensate participating veterinarians according to the following schedule:
(1) Dog spays: Thirty dollars ($30.00), sixty dollars ($60.00) for low income individuals.
(2) Dog castrations: Fifteen dollars ($15.00), thirty dollars ($30.00) for low income individuals.
(3) Cat spays: Fifteen dollars ($15.00), thirty dollars ($30.00) for low income individuals.
(4) Cat castrations: Fifteen dollars ($15.00), thirty dollars ($30.00) for low income individuals.
(d) The Animal Control Division shall promulgate regulations necessary to implement the Spay and Neutering Program. Low income status shall be shown by a Department of Public Assistance Card.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.17 PROGRAM LIMITATION; FUNDING.
The total expenditure of funds for payment to veterinarians shall not exceed seventy-five thousand dollars ($75,000.00) per year. Vouchers shall be distributed on a "first come, first served" basis until the seventy-five thousand dollars ($75,000.00) allowance is exhausted, with a limit of four (4) vouchers per household per year. Funds for this program may be provided from the Animal Control and Welfare Trust Fund.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.18 ANIMAL CONTROL INFORMATIONAL SERVICE AND DUTIES.
In addition to the other duties set forth in this Title, the City Animal Control Department shall:
(a) Provide informational service for the public on all mammal inquiries, including licensing and identification requirements, control, City regulations, maintenance and health, disposal, selection, training and instruction, nuisance report referrals, abuse and cruelty;
(b) Provide a central mammal lost and found service in conjunction with Animal Control Officers; and
(c) Provide referrals of humane programs to schools and concerned organizations utilizing voluntary assistance from the local humane groups.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 633.19 PENALTY AND VIOLATION.
(a) An owner or keeper whose cat, nondomestic feline or hybrid is found to have bitten someone without provocation while running at large shall be fined three hundred fifty dollars ($350.00), plus costs, if it is a first offense. The penalty shall be one thousand dollars ($1,000.00), plus costs, for each subsequent offense, and in default thereof, imprisonment not exceeding seventy-two (72) hours.
(b) Whoever violates § 633.12 or makes false representations under § 633.12 shall be fined three hundred fifty dollars ($350.00), plus costs, if it is a first offense. The penalty shall be six hundred dollars ($600.00) for each subsequent offense, and in default thereof, imprisonment not exceeding seventy-two (72) hours.
(c) Whoever violates any other provision of this Chapter shall be fined one hundred dollars ($100.00), plus costs, if it is a first offense. The penalty shall be five hundred dollars ($500.00), plus costs, for each subsequent offense, and in default thereof, imprisonment not exceeding seventy-two (72) hours.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92; Am. Ord. 8-2000, eff. 4-12-00)
§ 633.20 DANGEROUS DOGS.
(a) Enforcement of the Dangerous Dog Law shall be pursuant to 3 P.S. § 459-501 et seq., and any amendments thereto.
(b) The City Treasurer is hereby authorized and directed to collect and retain all fees and fines associated with the determination and registration of a dangerous dog, issue the appropriate certificates of registration and dangerous dog warning signs and carry out all other duties and functions of the Treasurer of a City of the second class prescribed by the Dangerous Dog Law, Act 45 Sec. 2 of 1990, May 31, P.L. 213, as amended (3 P.S. Sec. 459-507-A et seq.) whenever a dangerous dog determination from the Bureau of Dog Law Enforcement has been received by the Treasurer.
(Ord. 35-1993, eff. 12-31-93; Am. Ord. 8-2000, eff. 4-12-00)
§ 633.21 ANIMAL FIGHTING REWARD PROGRAM.
(a) For purposes of this section, animal fighting is defined by the Crimes Code of Pennsylvania under the Cruelty to Animals section as follows:
ANIMAL FIGHTING. A person commits a felony of the third degree if he:
(1) For amusement or gain, causes, allows or permits any animal to engage in animal fighting;
(2) Receives compensation for the admission of another person to any place kept or used for animal fighting;
(3) Owns, possesses, keeps, trains, promotes, purchases or knowingly sells any animal for animal fighting;
(4) In any way knowingly encourages, aids or assists therein;
(5) Wagers on the outcome of an animal fight;
(6) Pays for admission to an animal fight or attends an animal fight as a spectator; or
(7) Knowingly permits any place under his control or possession to be kept or used for animal fighting . . . (18 P.S. Sec. 5511(h.1)).
(b) The Director of the Department of Public Safety shall grant rewards up to the sum of five hundred dollars ($500.00) to individuals, organizations or other entities who provide information that leads to the arrest and conviction or any individual for violation of 18 P.S. Sec. 5511(h.1). Such convictions must be felonies of the third degree.
(c) In setting the reward amount, the Director of the Department of Public Safety will establish a reward committee made up of the Director of the Department of Public Works, or his or her designee, and the Chief of Police, or his or her designee, the Chairman of City Council's Public Safety Services Committee, and two (2) representatives from an animal shelter that operates in the city. The Committee will make a recommendation on the amount of the reward based on the circumstances of the incident.
(d) Individuals who are agents or employees of animal shelters, animal rights organizations, etc. are not eligible to receive a reward under this section. Entities and organizations whose primary function is the promotion of animal rights; placement of homeless animals, humane law enforcement; veterinary care; or other activities that promote responsible animal treatment are not eligible for rewards.
(e) Such rewards shall be granted from the Department of Public Safety Animal Fighting Trust Fund or such other Trust Fund or General Fund account within the Department of Public Safety, as the Director of Public Safety shall deem appropriate.
(f) The Bureau of Police will develop an Animal Fighting Awareness/Training component for police in service and recruit training. This curriculum should be implemented as soon as feasible.
(Ord. 7-1998, eff. 4-29-98)
§ 633.22 OFF-LEASH EXERCISE AREAS.
A. PILOT PROGRAM ESTABLISHMENT. A pilot off-leash program shall be established under the administration of the Department of Parks and Recreation and the Department of Public Works, Bureau of Environmental Services. The pilot off-leash program shall continue in effect for a period of three (3) years or, in the alternative, for a period ending sixty (60) days after the revocation of the program by a majority vote of City Council.
At the end of the three (3) year period the program shall be reviewed and the Council shall take action to either rescind this Chapter or take no action and allow the OLEA program to become a permanent part of the City Code.
B. OLEA SITES. Dogs may be allowed to run at large only in the following areas hereby designated as Off-Leash Exercise Areas (OLEA):
1. Upper Frick Park
2. Lower Frick Park
3. West Park
4. Highland Park
C. CONDUCT IN AN OLEA.
1. Any person who takes a dog into an off-leash area must have physical control of the dog by means of an adequate leash when entering and leaving the off-leash area;
2. Must maintain voice control over the dog at all times while in the off-leash area.
3. All dogs in an off-leash area must be licensed and must display valid license tags attached to the dog collar.
4. Dangerous dogs, as defined in Section 633.20 of the Pittsburgh Code, are not permitted to use the off-leash areas.
5. Any person with a dog in their possession or under their control in any OLEA shall be responsible and liable for the conduct of the animal, shall carry equipment for removing feces, and shall place feces deposited by such animal in an appropriate receptacle.
D. ADMINISTRATION.
1. The Director of Parks and Recreation is authorized promulgate regulations governing conduct and behavior within any OLEA and place appropriate signage deemed necessary for the orderly operation of and OLEA.
2. The Director of Parks and Recreation is authorized to close to off-leash dog use any area described under subsection B. on a temporary or permanent basis if significant problems arise which cannot be resolved jointly by the Department of Parks and Recreation and the Department of Public Work's Bureau of Environmental Service-Animal Control Division.
3. The Director of Parks and Recreation is authorized to close any OLEA described under subsection B. on a temporary basis in order to perform maintenance at the site.
4. The Director of Parks and Recreation is authorized close any OLEA if a determination is made that such closure is necessary for the preservation and protection of the natural environment, public health or safety.
5. Prior to closing any off-leash area, the Director shall consult with the Director of Public Works. The Director of Parks and Recreation shall state in writing the reasons for closure to the Mayor and City Council.
6. The Director shall review the impacts of off-leash activities at OLEA sites after three (3) months of operations at each site. If, based on this review, the Director finds significant problems that can not be practically corrected; the Director may close the site to off-leash use.
7. Prior to any permanent closure, the Director shall give thirty (30) days written notice, to be posted at the site, stating the reason(s) for the closure.
8. The Director is authorized to manage all OLEA sites and this authority shall include, but not be limited to, the authority to make minor alterations to site boundaries after reasonable notice to the public, impose operating hours and curtail use at sites as necessary for renovation, repair or for other operational reasons.
(Ord. 34-1999, eff. 12-1-99)
Editor's note: Ordinance 34-1999, effective December 1, 1999, added a new § 633.21. Since Ch. 633 already contained a § 633.21, the editor has redesignated these new provisions as § 633.22.
CHAPTER 634: KENNELS AND CATTERIES
§ 634.01 DEFINITIONS.
(a) BREEDER. A person, persons or institution which house or houses and/or maintain or maintains dogs and/or cats for the purpose of reproduction for sale or exchange, show or training.
(b) CATTERY. Any indoor housing facility wherein cats are kept for the purpose of leasing, buying, sale, boarding, show, breeding, exchange or placement as pets or other similar purpose and is so constructed that the cats cannot stray therefrom. Cattery shall include (but not be limited to) breeders, foster homes and pet shops.
(c) FOSTER HOME. An indoor housing facility that is so constructed to take in stray or unowned dogs and/or cats for the purpose of rehabilitating and placing them.
(d) KENNEL. Any indoor housing facility wherein dogs are kept for the purpose of breeding, hunting, training, leasing, buying, boarding, sale, show, exchange or placement as pets or other similar purpose and is so constructed that dogs cannot stray therefrom. Kennels shall include (but not be limited to) breeders, foster homes and pet shops.
(e) PET SHOP. Any business or person that acquires dogs and/or cats for the purpose of resale, whether as owner, agent or consignee.
(f) PRIMARY ENCLOSURE. A structure used to immediately restrict a dog or cat to a limited amount of space, such as a room, pen, run, cage, crate or compartment.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 634.02 KENNEL/CATTERY PERMITS.
(a) Breeders, foster homes, pet shops, kennels and catteries that keep, harbor, board, shelter, lease, sell or give away more than five, but fewer than twenty-six (26) dogs and/or more than five (5) cats in a calendar year shall apply to the Animal Control Division for a kennel/cattery permit on or before January 1 of each year. The Animal Control Division Supervisor shall review, approve and issue a kennel/cattery permit. The application forms and permits shall be as designated by the Supervisor of the City Animal Control Department. A separate permit shall be required for every location at which a kennel or cattery is kept or operated. Nonprofit animal shelters, kennels and other institutions registered with the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and/or the United States Department of Agriculture shall be exempt from the requirements of this Chapter. Veterinary hospitals shall be exempt from the requirements of this Chapter.
(b) The fee for a kennel/cattery permit shall be one hundred dollars ($100.00) plus a twenty-five dollars ($25.00) registration fee for each litter of puppies or kittens born. The first litter born during a calendar year shall be exempt from the litter registration fee. Foster homes shall be exempted from the permit fee.
(c) Every owner or keeper of a kennel shall keep for two (2) years a record of every dog and cat kept in the kennel or cattery at any time. The record shall show:
(1) The breed, color, markings, sex and age of each dog or cat;
(2) The date on which each dog or cat entered the kennel;
(3) Where it came from;
(4) To whom it belongs;
(5) For what purpose each dog or cat is kept in the kennel or cattery;
(6) The date on which each dog or cat leaves the kennel or cattery; and
(7) How and to whom it is disposed.
The record shall be legible, shall be kept on the premises of the kennel or cattery and shall be open to inspection by any employee of the City Animal Control Department or police officer.
(d) Employees of the Department are hereby authorized to inspect all kennels and catteries and to enforce the provisions of this Chapter and regulations promulgated by the Department pursuant to this Chapter. It shall be unlawful for any person to refuse admittance to employees of the Department for the purpose of making inspections and enforcing the provisions of this act.
(e) It shall be unlawful for kennels or catteries described in this Chapter to operate without first obtaining a kennel/cattery permit, unless exempted under § 634.02.
(f) The Supervisor of the Department shall have the power to revoke or refuse to issue any kennel/cattery permit for conviction of any violation of this Chapter or the noncompliance with any regulations pursuant to this Chapter or for the conviction for violation of any law relating to cruelty to animals.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 634.03 VETERINARY CARE.
All kennel and cattery owners and keepers shall provide their animals with adequate veterinary care under the direction of a licensed veterinarian.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 634.04 HEALTH RECORDS.
(a) Any kennel or cattery that offers a dog or cat for sale shall provide the buyer with a health record for that dog or cat at the time of sale. The health record shall set forth the following:
(1) The dog or cat's breed. If the breed is unknown or mixed, the health record shall so indicate.
(2) The dog or cat's date of birth. The date of birth may be approximated if not known.
(3) The dog or cat's sex.
(4) The dog or cat's color and markings.
(5) A list of all vaccinations administered to the dog or cat, the date of the vaccinations and the name of the person who administered them, if known, up to the date of sale.
(6) The date and type of any parasitical medicine that was administered to the dog or cat.
(7) The name, address and signature of the seller, along with a statement affirming all of the information provided in this subsection is true.
(8) The health record shall be signed and dated by both the seller and purchaser.
(b) Statement of purchased dog or cat's health. Any person or establishment selling a dog or cat shall provide the buyer of each dog or cat with a statement signed by a licensed veterinarian stating that the dog or cat is apparently free of any contagious or infectious illness and not clinically ill from parasitic infestation at the time of the physical examination which shall occur within thirty (30) days prior to the date of sale. Congenital and hereditary defects discovered by the veterinarian in the course of the examination shall be listed in the statement. The statement shall include the name, address and signature of the veterinarian, and the date the dog or cat was examined.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 634.05 FACILITIES.
(a) The kennel or cattery shall be structurally sound and maintained in a manner to contain the dogs or cats, to protect them from injury and to restrict the entrance of other animals.
(b) The interior building surfaces of the kennel or cattery shall be constructed and maintained so that they are water resistant and may be readily sanitized.
(c) The kennel or cattery temperature shall be maintained at a level to protect the health and comfort of the dogs or cats housed. Shade shall be provided to protect the animals from the direct rays of the sun.
(d) Kennels and catteries shall be constructed to provide for the health and comfort of the animals. The facilities shall be provided with fresh air either by means of windows, doors, vents or air conditioning and shall be ventilated so as to minimize drafts, odors and moisture condensation.
(e) Kennels and catteries shall have ample lighting by natural or artificial means. The lighting shall provide uniformly distributed illumination of sufficient intensity to permit routine inspection and cleaning. Artificial light shall be regulated to provide a normal day/night cycle.
(f) All kennels and catteries shall be adequate and shall meet the standards set forth in this Chapter.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 634.06 PRIMARY ENCLOSURES.
(a) Primary enclosures shall be constructed and maintained so as to provide sufficient space to allow each dog or cat to turn about freely and to stand erect, sit and lie down in a comfortable, normal position. Litters of puppies, under eight (8) weeks of age and litters of kittens under sixteen (16) weeks of age may be kept in the same primary enclosure as long as the total weight does not exceed the provisions of this section. The minimum of area dimensions for cats and various sizes of dogs shall be as follows:
(1) Cats-30 cubic feet per cat;
(2) Dogs up to twenty-five (25) pounds-five square feet per dog;
(3) Dogs twenty-five (25) to forty-five (45) pounds-eight (8) square feet per dog;
(4) Dogs over forty-five (45) pounds-twelve (12) square feet per dog.
(b) Runs shall be at least thirty-six (36) inches wide for dogs up to forty-five (45) pounds and at least forty-eight (48) inches wide for dogs over forty-five (45) pounds.
(c) Where the primary enclosure is used for more than one (1) cat, resting perches shall be provided.
(d) A primary enclosure for cats shall be constructed and maintained so that cats have continuous access to clean water and litter. The floor of the primary enclosure shall be a solid surface.
(e) Any dog kept in a cage, crate or pen shall be exercised or have access to a run at least twice daily unless otherwise directed by a veterinarian.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 634.07 HOUSING.
(a) Dogs or cats that display ferocious or aggressive behavior shall be kept inaccessible to other animals.
(b) Dogs or cats under quarantine shall be maintained separately from susceptible species of animals and humans according to condition described in the quarantine notice.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 634.08 FOOD, WATER AND BEDDING.
(a) Food shall be transported, handled and stored in a manner that ensures against the introduction of parasites, disease vectors or chemical contaminants. Supplies of dry food shall be stored in areas that are cool, dry, clean and free of vermin and other potential contaminants. Refrigeration shall be provided for supplies of perishable food. Conditions affecting the shelf life of food such as the date of manufacture and exposure to extremes in temperature and humidity, moisture, unsanitary conditions, and insects shall be monitored to prevent the deterioration of the nutrient value of the food.
(b) Dogs and cats shall be fed at least once a day unless otherwise directed by a veterinarian. The food shall be free from contamination and shall be wholesome, palatable and of sufficient quantity and nutritive value to meet the normal daily requirements for the condition and size of the dog or cat. Food shall be provided in sufficient amounts to ensure normal growth in puppies and kittens and maintenance of normal body weight in adults.
(c) If clean, potable water is not continuously accessible to dogs, clean, potable water shall be offered to the dogs at least three (3) times daily for periods of not less than one (1) hour unless otherwise directed by a veterinarian. Cats shall have continuous access to clean, potable water unless otherwise directed by a veterinarian.
(d) Food and water receptacles shall be accessible to dogs or cats and shall be located to avoid contamination by excreta. The receptacles shall be durable and shall be kept clean. Self-feeders and waterers may be used but shall be sanitized regularly to prevent molding, deterioration or caking of feed.
(e) If bedding is used in primary enclosures, it shall be kept clean.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 634.09 SANITATION.
(a) Excreta shall be removed from primary enclosures and exercise areas on a daily basis. Feces and soiled litter material shall be removed from all litter pans on a daily basis. Absorbent litter and/or any other litter material used to absorb urine shall be changed when it becomes thirty (30) percent saturated with urine.
(b) Primary enclosures shall be sanitized with appropriate detergents and/or disinfectants to prevent an accumulation of debris or excreta or a disease hazard. No dog or cat shall be placed in a primary enclosure previously occupied unless the enclosure has been sanitized.
(c) Feeding bowls and watering devices shall be washed and sanitized on a daily basis.
(d) The buildings and grounds of kennels and catteries shall be maintained, kept clean and in good repair in order to protect the animals from injury and to facilitate practices required by this Chapter. Kennels and catteries shall have an effective program that controls ingress by insects, ectoparasites and avian and mammalian pests. Evidence of insects, ectoparasites and avian and mammalian pests or conditions that would allow or encourage infestation in a kennel are indicative of an ineffective program and unsanitary environmental sanitation in the kennel.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 634.10 INTERFERENCE; PENALTY AND VIOLATION.
(a) No person shall interfere with, hinder or molest any agent of the City Animal Control Department in the performance of any duty as herein provided. Any person found guilty of violating this section shall be subject to a fine of three hundred fifty dollars ($350.00) plus costs, if it is the first offense. The penalty shall be one thousand dollars ($1,000.00), plus costs, for each subsequent offense.
(b) Whoever violates any provision of this Chapter, excluding§ 634.10(a), shall be fined three hundred fifty dollars ($350.00), plus costs, if it is a first offense. The penalty shall be one thousand dollars ($1,000.00), plus costs, for each subsequent offense.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
CHAPTER 635: OTHER ANIMALS AND FOWL
§ 635.01 DEFINITIONS.
(a) Humane Agency means a duly incorporated animal protection or animal welfare organization authorized to enforce Section 5511 of the Pennsylvania Crimes Code.
(b) Humane agent means a representative of a duly incorporated animal protection or animal welfare organization authorized to enforce Section 5511 of the Pennsylvania Crimes Code.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 635.02 FOWL AT LARGE.
No person being the owner or in charge of any chickens, geese, ducks, turkey or other fowl shall permit the same to run at large upon any public place, unenclosed lands or the premises of another.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 635.03 RIDING OR DRIVING PROHIBITED; EXCEPTION.
No person shall ride or drive any animal drawn conveyance on any street or sidewalk within the city, except such as the Superintendent of Police may permit in a parade or other special event, or except that the Director of the Department of Public Works may authorize horse drawn carriages on designated streets in the Central Business District at designated times.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 635.04 USE OF PAINFUL TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES PROHIBITED AT RODEOS.
No rodeo or rodeo related event shall be permitted in which animals are induced or encouraged to perform through the use of any practice or technique, or any chemical, mechanical, electrical or manual device that will cause, or is likely to cause physical injury, torment or suffering. The following devices are specifically prohibited at all events: electric prods or shocking devices, flank or bucking straps, wire tie-downs, and sharpened or fixed spurs or rowels.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 635.05 NOTIFICATION OF RODEO REQUIRED.
An appropriate humane agency shall be notified by the promoter and/or sponsors of any rodeo event not less than fourteen (14) calendar days prior to the rodeo event taking place.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 635.06 HUMANE AGENT ACCESS TO RODEOS.
Humane agents shall be provided access to the areas where animals have been present, will be present or are then present. Specifically included are the holding pens, chutes and injury pens. Humane agents shall be accompanied by a representative of the rodeo or rodeo related activity.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 635.07 PRESENCE OF VETERINARIAN REQUIRED AT RODEOS.
The presence of a licensed veterinarian specializing in either equine or bovine veterinary medicine, shall be required during the entirety of all rodeos and rodeo related activities. The veterinarian shall have access to the complete site where animals have been present, will be present or are then present. The veterinarian shall have complete and unilateral authority over the treatment and utilization of rodeo animals and/or livestock. In the event it is the decision of the veterinarian that an animal is unable to be utilized, that decision shall be communicated to the stock contractor for compliance.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 635.08 VIOLATION AND PENALTY.
(a) Unless otherwise provided, whoever violates §§ 635.02 or 635.03 of this Chapter shall be fined one hundred dollars ($100.00) plus costs if it is a first offense. The penalty shall be three hundred dollars ($300.00) plus costs for subsequent offenses.
(b) Every separate act committed in violation of any other provision of this Chapter shall constitute a separate and distinct offense and shall be punishable by a fine not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000.00) and/or a term of imprisonment not to exceed thirty (30) days.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
CHAPTER 636: WILD ANIMALS
§ 636.01 DEFINITIONS.
As used in this Chapter, CARNIVOROUS WILD ANIMAL means any meat eating, predatory animal, wild by nature as distinguished from the common domestic animals, whether or not the animal was bred or reared in captivity.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 636.02 EXHIBITION OF CARNIVOROUS WILD ANIMALS.
No person, firm, association or corporation, or agent thereof, can exhibit a carnivorous wild animal before the public in a public setting unless the following safety precautions are met:
(a) The animal is transported in and remains in a cage.
(b) A barrier is erected no less than six (6) feet away from the cage.
(c) A qualified trainer is present at all times.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 636.03 EXCEPTIONS.
Exhibition of any animal by any educational institution, zoological garden or circus is exempted.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 636.04 PERMITS REQUIRED FOR POSSESSION OF WILD ANIMALS.
No person shall purchase, display, sell, or possess any wildlife in the City except as permitted by the Pennsylvania Game Law, 34 P.S., Section 1311.401, et seq., as amended by Act No. 60 of 1982.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
§ 636.05 VIOLATION AND PENALTY.
Any person violating any provision of this Chapter shall be fined one hundred dollars ($100.00) plus costs if it is the first offense. Persons violating any provision of this Chapter shall be fined three hundred dollars ($300.00) plus costs for subsequent offenses.
(Ord. 29-1992, eff. 7-16-92)
|
