Reno, Nevada

Las Vegas, Nevada

Las Vegas Municipal Code

Main Table of Contents

Title 7 ANIMALS

Chapter 7.04 DEFINITIONS

Chapter 7.08 DOG AND CAT LICENSES AND PERMITS

Chapter 7.12 VACCINATION

Chapter 7.16 DANGEROUS ANIMALS

Chapter 7.20 IMPOUNDMENT

Chapter 7.24 RABIES PREVENTION AND QUARANTINE

Chapter 7.28 ANIMAL CLINIC

Chapter 7.32 CRUELTY

Chapter 7.36 NUISANCES

Chapter 7.38 WILD AND FARM ANIMALS

Chapter 7.40 PROFESSIONAL ANIMAL HANDLERS

Chapter 7.44 ENFORCEMENT

Chapter 7.46 POLICE SERVICE ANIMALS

Title 7 ANIMALS

Chapter 7.04 DEFINITIONS

7.04.010 Adequate feed.

7.04.020 Adequate water.

7.04.030 Animal.

7.04.040 Animal Advisory Committee.

7.04.050 Animal Control Center.

7.04.060 Animal Control Officer.

7.04.065 Animal fighting venture.

7.04.070 Animal Regulation Officer.

7.04.080 Animal vaccination certificate.

7.04.090 At large.

7.04.100 Bite.

7.04.110 Board.

7.04.120 Breeder.

7.04.130 Cat.

7.04.140 Cat fancier.

7.04.150 Cattery.

7.04.160 Commercial cattery.

7.04.170 Commercial kennel.

7.04.180 Commercial stables.

7.04.190 Confined.

7.04.200 Cruelty or torture.

7.04.210 Court.

7.04.215 Dangerous animal.

7.04.220 Dog.

7.04.230 Dog fancier.

7.04.240 Enclosed lot.

7.04.250 Fees.

7.04.253 Feral cat.

7.04.257 Ferret.

7.04.260 Grooming parlor.

7.04.270 Grooming school.

7.04.280 Guide dog.

7.04.290 Health Officer.

7.04.300 Impound.

7.04.310 License fee.

7.04.320 Motor vehicle.

7.04.330 Owner.

7.04.340 Person.

7.04.345 Pet fancier.

7.04.350 Pet shop.

7.04.360 Professional animal handler.

7.04.370 Professional animal handler permit.

7.04.380 Rabies quarantine area.

7.04.390 Research facility.

7.04.400 Restraint.

7.04.410 Shelter.

7.04.420 Sheriff.

7.04.430 Stray animal.

7.04.440 Vaccination.

7.04.450 Vaccine.

7.04.460 Veterinarian.

7.04.470 Veterinary clinic.

7.04.480 Veterinary hospital.

7.04.490 Vicious animal.

7.04.500 Wild animal.

7.04.010 Adequate feed.

“Adequate feed” means the provision at suitable intervals, depending upon the age of the animal; however, at least once every twenty-four hours, of a quantity of wholesome foodstuff suitable for the species’ physical condition and age, sufficient to maintain an adequate level of nutrition in the animal, which is served in a clean receptacle, dish or container.

(Ord. 3618 § 4, 1991)

7.04.020 Adequate water.

“Adequate water” means the access to a constant source of clean, fresh, potable water suitable for the species’ physical condition and age of the animal.

(Ord. 3618 § 5, 1991)

7.04.030 Animal.

“Animal” means any living vertebrate, domestic or wild, except human beings.

(Ord. 3618 § 6, 1991)

7.04.040 Animal Advisory Committee.

“Animal Advisory Committee” means a committee consisting of five members selected and appointed to a two-year term by the City Council, convened and administrated by the Animal Regulation Officer to gather information and make recommendations concerning whether an animal is vicious and should be destroyed. A quorum of three members must be present to hear evidence; a majority thereof is required to make a finding of facts in order to submit recommendations. This Committee shall possess subpoena power issued by the Las Vegas Municipal Court. The Committee may hear evidence from the complainant or the animal’s owner, or both, as well as view the animal in controversy.

(Ord. 5220 § 1, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 7, 1991)

7.04.050 Animal Control Center.

“Animal Control Center” means any establishment authorized by the City for the confinement, maintenance, safekeeping, and control of all animals that come into the custody of the Animal Regulation Officer in the performance of his official duties.

(Ord. 3618 § 8, 1991)

7.04.060 Animal Control Officer.

“Animal Control Officer” means an employee of the Department of Detention and Enforcement having the power and authority to enforce the provisions of this Title.

(Ord. 3618 § 9, 1991)

7.04.065 Animal fighting venture.

“Animal fighting venture” means any event or activity that involves a fight between at least two animals and is conducted for purposes of sport, wagering, exhibition or entertainment. The term does not include any activity the primary purpose of which involves the use of one or more animals in hunting another animal or animals.

(Ord. 5696 § 1, 2004)

7.04.070 Animal Regulation Officer.

“Animal Regulation Officer” is the Director of the Department of Detention and Enforcement of the City or his designee.

(Ord. 3618 § 10, 1991)

7.04.080 Animal vaccination certificate.

“Animal vaccination certificate” is the certificate approved in form by the Health Officer which is issued and signed by the veterinarian who inoculates an animal for rabies stating thereon the name and description of the animal, the date of such vaccination and the type of vaccine used by the veterinarian.

(Ord. 3618 § 11, 1991)

7.04.090 At large.

“At large” refers to any animal not secured to and restrained by a leash or lead, or not confined within the real property limits of its owner or keeper by means of a fence, cage, coop, chain, leash or other restraining device.

(Ord. 5220 § 2, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 12, 1991)

7.04.100 Bite.

“Bite” means a puncture or tear of the skin inflicted by teeth of an animal.

(Ord. 3618 § 13, 1991)

7.04.110 Board.

“Board” means the District Board of Health of the County.

(Ord. 3618 § 14, 1991)

7.04.120 Breeder.

“Breeder” means any person who, for pay or other compensation, causes the breeding of a male or female dog or cat or makes a dog or cat available for breeding purposes, or any person who sells or offers for sale any dog or cat.

(Ord. 3618 § 15, 1991)

7.04.130 Cat.

“Cat” means any male or female cat (felis catus). An adult cat is any cat older than four months of age.

(Ord. 3618 § 16, 1991)

7.04.140 Cat fancier.

“Cat fancier” means any person owning, keeping or possessing on his property, provided such person has safe, adequate cages in a completely enclosed building on the property, at one location, up to six adult cats for the purpose of showing, in recognized cat shows, or for improving the variety of breed in temperament or conformation with a view to exhibiting in shows or feline events and must be entered in at least one cat show each calendar year; said cats shall be registered with at least one association recognized by the Animal Regulation Officer or, if spayed and neutered, need not be so registered or shown.

(Ord. 3618 § 17, 1991)

7.04.150 Cattery.

“Cattery” means a completely enclosed area for the total confinement of one or more cats.

(Ord. 3618 § 18, 1991)

7.04.160 Commercial cattery.

“Commercial cattery” means any licensed establishment at which cats are bred, raised for sale, trained, rented, boarded, cared for, or quarantined, for profit, excluding dental, medical or surgical care. All commercial catteries shall be maintained within a completely enclosed building. This definition shall not apply to the premises of a private cat fancier and the animals raised thereon.

(Ord. 3618 § 19, 1991)

7.04.170 Commercial kennel.

“Commercial kennel” means any licensed establishment at which dogs are bred, raised for sale, trained, rented, boarded, cared for, or quarantined, for profit, excluding dental, medical or surgical care. This definition shall not apply to the premises of a private dog fancier and the animals raised thereon.

(Ord. 3618 § 20, 1991)

7.04.180 Commercial stables.

“Commercial stables” means any licensed establishment in the City at which horses are bred, raised for sale, boarded, cared for, quarantined, trained, sold, or rented, on a commercial basis, excluding dental, medical, or surgical care.

(Ord. 3618 § 21, 1991)

7.04.190 Confined.

“Confined” means a condition whereby an animal is restricted to the property of the owner by an enclosure or enclosed lot, secure enough so that the animal cannot bite, harm, or injure anyone by the animal overreaching the top of the fence or other enclosure.

(Ord. 3618 § 22, 1991)

7.04.200 Cruelty or torture.

“Cruelty or torture” means every act of omission or commission whereby unjustifiable physical pain, suffering, or death is caused to any animal.

(Ord. 3618 § 23, 1991)

7.04.210 Court.

“Court” means a municipal court of the City of Las Vegas or the Eighth Judicial District Court, County of Clark, State of Nevada, in the event of an appeal, a writ or any other legal process from the Municipal Court of the City of Las Vegas to the Eighth Judicial District Court or any other Court.

(Ord. 3618 § 24, 1991)

7.04.215 Dangerous animal.

“Dangerous animal” means any animal that has been declared to be dangerous pursuant to Section 7.16.010. (Ord. 5220 § 3, 2000)

7.04.220 Dog.

“Dog” means any male or female dog (canis familiaris). An adult dog is any dog older than four months of age.

(Ord. 3618 § 25, 1991)

7.04.230 Dog fancier.

“Dog fancier” means any person owning, keeping, or possessing on his property, provided such person has safe, adequate cages in a completely enclosed building on the property, at one location, up to six adult dogs for the purpose of showing in recognized dog shows, field trials or obedience trials, for working and hunting, or for improving the variety of breed in temperament or confirmation with a view to exhibition in shows or trials or for use as working dogs in hunting; said dogs shall be registered with at least one association recognized by the Animal Regulation Officer, and must be entered in at least one dog show per calendar year or, if spayed and neutered, need not be so registered or shown.

(Ord. 3618 § 26, 1991)

7.04.240 Enclosed lot.

“Enclosed lot” means a parcel of land or portion thereof around the perimeter of which is a fence or wall adequate to contain any animal kept therein.

(Ord. 3618 § 27, 1991)

7.04.250 Fees.

“Fees” means monies authorized by the City Council to be collected by the Animal Control Officer or designee for the impounding, maintenance, sale or destruction of animals.

(Ord. 3618 § 28, 1991)

7.04.253 Feral cat.

“Feral cat” means a cat that:

(A) Has no apparent owner or identification; and

(B) Appears to be unsocialized, unmanageable or demonstrates characteristics normally associated with wild or undomesticated animals.

(Ord. 5220 § 4, 2000)

7.04.257 Ferret.

“Ferret” means a domestic ferret (mustela furo).

(Ord. 5220 § 5, 2000)

7.04.260 Grooming parlor.

“Grooming parlor” means any establishment, or part thereof, or premises, maintained for the purpose of offering animal cosmetological services for profit.

(Ord. 3618 § 29, 1991)

7.04.270 Grooming school.

“Grooming school” means any profit-making establishment, or part thereof, or premises, maintained for the purpose of teaching students to perform cosmetological services on animals.

(Ord. 3618 § 30, 1991)

7.04.280 Guide dog.

“Guide dog” means a dog specifically trained and used to guide a blind or deaf person.

(Ord. 3618 § 31, 1991)

7.04.290 Health Officer.

“Health Officer” means the Clark County District Health Officer or his designated and duly authorized representative.

(Ord. 3618 § 32, 1991)

7.04.300 Impound.

“Impound” means the act of taking or receiving into custody by the Animal Regulation Officer any animal for the purpose of confinement in an Animal Control Center consistent with the provisions of this Title.

(Ord. 3618 § 33, 1991)

7.04.310 License fee.

“License fee” means the fee as established by the City Council for each animal license.

(Ord. 3618 § 34, 1991)

7.04.320 Motor vehicle.

“Motor vehicle” means every device in, upon, or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway.

(Ord. 3618 § 35, 1991)

7.04.330 Owner.

“Owner” means any person owning, keeping, possessing, harboring, or having the care, custody or control of any animal, and furnishing proof of ownership with a medical certificate, bill of sale, or other proof of ownership or possession.

(Ord. 3618 § 36, 1991)

7.04.340 Person.

“Person” means any individual, partnership, firm, joint stock company, corporation, association, trust, estate, or other legal entity.

(Ord. 3618 § 37, 1991)

7.04.345 Pet fancier.

“Pet fancier” means any person owning, keeping or possessing on his or her property, up to six spayed or neutered dogs over one year of age or twelve spayed or neutered cats over eight months of age, or combination thereof.

(Ord. 3642 § 1, 1992)

7.04.350 Pet shop.

“Pet shop” means any profit-making or commercial establishment, premises, or part thereof, maintained for the purchase, sale, exchange or hire of animals of any type; except that the term shall not include livestock auctions.

(Ord. 3618 § 38, 1991)

7.04.360 Professional animal handler.

“Professional animal handler” means the owner or owners of a commercial grooming parlor, grooming school, kennel, pet shop, dog training facility, veterinary clinic/hospital, or any breeder of cats and dogs for pay or other compensation.

(Ord. 3618 § 39, 1991)

7.04.370 Professional animal handler permit.

“Professional animal handler permit” means a permit issued to the owner or owners of a commercial grooming parlor, grooming school, kennel, pet shop, dog training facility, or breeders, which issuance means that minimum animal confinement standards have been met or surpassed by the business; the permit is required in order to operate or carry on the above businesses for profit.

(Ord. 3618 § 40, 1991)

7.04.380 Rabies quarantine area.

“Rabies quarantine area” means any area in which a state of emergency has been declared to exist due to the occurrence of rabies in animals in or adjacent to this area. The Health Officer may, by public notice and proclamation, quarantine animals in any area of the City where he finds rabies or other disease to exist. During such quarantine period and until public notice of its termination has been given by the Health Officer, all designated animals in that area must be securely confined by their owners to that area. Any quarantined animals found at large in such areas during such period of quarantine may be destroyed, impounded, or quarantined.

(Ord. 3618 § 41, 1991)

7.04.390 Research facility.

“Research facility” means any place at which scientific tests, experiments, or investigations involving the use of any animal are conducted, attempted, or carried out.

(Ord. 3618 § 42, 1991)

7.04.400 Restraint.

“Restraint” means any animal secured by a leash or lead and under control of the owner or another responsible person and obedient to that person’s commands, or confined within the enclosed real property limits of its owner or keeper.

(Ord. 3618 § 43, 1991)

7.04.410 Shelter.

“Shelter” means protection from the elements as hereinafter provided.

(Ord. 3618 § 44, 1991)

7.04.420 Sheriff.

“Sheriff” means the sheriff of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department or any person designated by him to act herein.

(Ord. 3618 § 45, 1991)

7.04.430 Stray animal.

“Stray animal” means any animal at large.

(Ord. 3618 § 46, 1991)

7.04.440 Vaccination.

“Vaccination” means administration of an antirabies vaccine to any animal by a veterinarian.

(Ord. 3618 § 47, 1991)

7.04.450 Vaccine.

“Vaccine” means an antirabies medication in a usage as designated by the State Veterinarian.

(Ord. 3618 § 48, 1991)

7.04.460 Veterinarian.

“Veterinarian,” unless otherwise indicated, means any person licensed to practice veterinary medicine in this State or any person employed in Nevada by a governmental agency to practice veterinary medicine.

(Ord. 3618 § 49, 1991)

7.04.470 Veterinary clinic.

“Veterinary clinic” means any establishment operated by a veterinarian to provide dental, medical, or surgical treatment, care and grooming for animals on an outpatient basis.

(Ord. 3618 § 50, 1991)

7.04.480 Veterinary hospital.

“Veterinary hospital” means any establishment operated by a veterinarian that provides clinical facilities and houses animals for dental, medical, or surgical treatment. A veterinary hospital may have adjacent to it or in connection with it, or as an integral part of it, pens, stalls, cages, or kennels for quarantine or observation, in a completely enclosed building.

(Ord. 3618 § 51, 1991)

7.04.490 Vicious animal.

“Vicious animal” means any animal that has been declared to be vicious pursuant to Section 7.16.010.

(Ord. 5220 § 6, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 52, 1991)

7.04.500 Wild animal.

“Wild animal” means:

(A) Any animal found naturally in the wild state, regardless of whether such animal is indigenous to the State or whether such animal was raised in captivity; or

(B) Any hybrid of such an animal.

(Ord. 5220 § 7, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 53, 1991)

Chapter 7.08 DOG AND CAT LICENSES AND PERMITS

7.08.010 Licenses--Required--Time limits.

7.08.030 Certificate of vaccination--Required.

7.08.040 Certificate of vaccination--Exemptions.

7.08.050 Right of entry for permit inspection.

7.08.060 License fees--Designated.

7.08.065 License fees--Reduced.

7.08.070 License fees--Guide dogs.

7.08.075 License fees--Time period expired.

7.08.080 Receipt and tag issuance--Replacement.

7.08.090 Tagging required--Misuse.

7.08.100 License--Term.

7.08.110 Administration.

7.08.120 License register.

7.08.130 License--Exemption.

7.08.140 Number of dogs permitted.

7.08.150 Dog fancier’s permit.

7.08.160 Number of cats permitted.

7.08.170 Cat fancier’s permit.

7.08.180 Pet fancier’s permit.

7.08.185 Ferrets--Number limited.

7.08.010 Licenses--Required--Time limits.

Every person, except a professional animal handler permit holder, owning, keeping, harboring or possessing within the City, any dog, cat or ferret over the age of four months shall, within thirty days after the animal attains the age of four months or is first brought into the City, obtain for the animal a current and valid license issued by the City.

(Ord. 5220 § 8, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 56, 1991)

7.08.030 Certificate of vaccination--Required.

Every person applying for a dog, cat or ferret license must exhibit a certificate of vaccination issued by a person licensed by this State, or by any other state or nation, to practice veterinary medicine, which shows that the animal has been vaccinated in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 7.12 and whether the animal is sterilized; provided that, as an alternative, the person may exhibit a current exemption-from-vaccination permit.

(Ord. 5220 § 9, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 58, 1991)

7.08.040 Certificate of vaccination--Exemptions.

The owner of any dog, cat or ferret may obtain for the animal an exemption-from-vaccination permit from the Animal Regulation Officer, provided that:

(A) The animal is confined at all times;

(B) The facilities for confinement have been inspected and approved by an Animal Control Officer;

(C) A fee of twenty-five dollars is paid for such inspection and permit per animal per year; and

(D) The owner provides a written statement, issued by a licensed veterinarian of this State, showing cause why the animal should not be vaccinated.

(Ord. 5220 § 10, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 59, 1991)

7.08.050 Right of entry for permit inspection.

Any person required to obtain any permit under any of the provisions of this Title shall permit their premises to be inspected by the Animal Control Officer at any time.

(Ord. 3618 § 60, 1991)

7.08.060 License fees--Designated.

Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.08.065, the following annual fees shall be paid for each license at the time of issuance of the license for each dog, cat or ferret:

Classification

Fee

(A) Dog, male

$25.00

(B) Dog, male, neutered

10.00

(C) Cat, male

25.00

(D) Cat, male, neutered

10.00

(E) Dog, female

25.00

(F) Dog, female, spayed

10.00

(G) Cat, female

25.00

(H) Cat, female, spayed

10.00

(I) Ferret, male

25.00

(J) Ferret, male, neutered

10.00

(K) Ferret female

25.00

(L) Ferret, female, spayed

10.00

(Ord. 5220 § 11, 2000: Ord. 5037 § 1, 1997: Ord. 5005 § 2, 1997: Ord. 3618 § 61, 1991)

7.08.065 License fees--Reduced.

The twenty-five dollar and ten dollar license fees described in Section 7.08.060 shall be reduced to fifteen dollars and five dollars, respectively, for any owner who:

(A) Is not required by this Chapter to obtain a dog fancier’s permit, a cat fancier’s permit or a pet fancier’s permit; and

(B) Is either:

(1) Sixty-five years of age or older; or

(2) Qualified to receive disability benefits under Social Security or an equivalent disability retirement program.

(Ord. 5037 § 2, 1997)

7.08.070 License fees--Guide dogs.

The fee provisions of Section 7.08.060 shall not apply to a dog which has been trained and is actually being used to act as a guide for the blind or deaf.

(Ord. 5005 § 2, 1997: Ord. 3618 § 62, 1991)

7.08.075 License fees--Time period expired.

In addition to the license fees set forth in Section 7.08.060, the City is authorized to charge a late fee of five dollars in connection with the issuance of a license that was not obtained within the thirty-day period described in Section 7.08.010.

(Ord. 5497 § 1, 2002)

7.08.080 Receipt and tag issuance--Replacement.

Each person paying the license fee under Section 7.08.060 shall receive a receipt stating the amount, date of payment, a brief description of the animal and, except as provided in Section 7.08.090(C), a numbered license tag of a durable material. If the tag is lost, the owner shall, within ten days from the date of the discovery of loss, procure a new numbered tag and pay the fee of five dollars therefor.

(Ord. 5220 § 12, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 63, 1991)

7.08.090 Tagging required--Misuse.

(A) The owner of any dog, cat or ferret licensed under this Chapter shall securely fasten about the neck of the animal a collar which has attached thereto the license tag referred to in Section 7.08.080.

(B) It is unlawful for any person to:

(1) Remove any license tag issued pursuant to Section 7.08.080 from any animal not owned by that person, or not lawfully in his possession or under his control or care;

(2) Place on any animal, or to permit any animal in his control or possession to wear any license tag which has not been issued pursuant to this Chapter for that particular animal; or

(3) Place on any animal, or to own, keep, or possess any animal wearing, any counterfeit, imitation, or altered license tag of the kind required by this Chapter.

(C) As an alterative to obtaining a license tag for, and attaching it to, a ferret, the owner may have an electronic identification microchip implanted under the skin of the ferret if the manufacturer of the microchip has been approved by the Animal Regulation Officer and the implantation conforms to procedures recommended by the manufacturer.

(Ord. 5220 § 13, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 64, 1991)

7.08.100 License--Term.

Each dog, cat or ferret license issued by the City shall be effective for one year following its issuance or until there is a change in ownership of the animal, in which case the new owner has thirty days from the date of the transfer of possession to obtain a new annual license, and to pay all applicable fees. In addition to the license fees set forth in Section 7.08.060, the City is authorized to charge a late fee of five dollars in connection with the issuance of a license that was not obtained within thirty days after a license has expired or ownership of an animal has been transferred.

(Ord. 5497 § 2, 2002: Ord. 5220 § 14, 2000: Ord. 5005 § 3, 1997: Ord. 3618 § 65, 1991)

7.08.110 Administration.

The licensing functions and duties shall be performed by the Director of the Department of Detention and Enforcement or his authorized representative.

(Ord. 3618 § 66, 1991)

7.08.120 License register.

The City shall keep a register of all issued licenses showing for each license:

(A) The name, current address, and telephone number, if any, of the person to whom the license was issued;

(B) Date of issuance;

(C) Description of the dog, cat or ferret;

(D) The number of the license tag, or the manufacturer and identifying information for any electronic microchip which is used in lieu of a license tag; and

(E) The expiration date of the most recent vaccination for rabies.

(Ord. 5220 § 15, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 67, 1991)

7.08.130 License--Exemption.

The provisions of this Chapter relating to licensing shall not apply to dogs, cats or ferrets under four months of age, provided that they are not running at large.

(Ord. 5220 § 16, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 68, 1991)

7.08.140 Number of dogs permitted.

Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.08.150, no person shall keep more than three dogs over three months of age, at any place, on any premises, or in any one residence, located within the City.

(Ord. 3618 § 69, 1991)

7.08.150 Dog fancier’s permit.

A dog fancier may keep and maintain on his property a maximum of six adult dogs, provided that such person has first obtained from the Animal Regulation Officer a dog fancier’s permit for said dogs and has paid the annual fee in the amount of fifty dollars, which cost shall include inspection. Any such permit, if granted, shall be subject to such conditions as may be prescribed by the Animal Regulation Officer or the County Health Officer, to prevent the keeping of the dogs from becoming a nuisance. Any person who meets the provisions of this Section and has in his or her possession, with respect to said dogs, a valid dog fancier’s permit, as described herein, need not have the property where the dogs are maintained rezoned in order to be allowed to keep and maintain such dogs thereon.

(Ord. 3618 § 70, 1991)

7.08.160 Number of cats permitted.

Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.08.170, no person shall keep more than three cats over four months of age, at any place, or on any premises, or in any one residence, located within the City.

(Ord. 3618 § 71, 1991)

7.08.170 Cat fancier’s permit.

A cat fancier may keep and maintain on his property a maximum of six adult cats, provided such person has first obtained from the Animal Regulation Officer a cat fancier’s permit for said cats and has paid the annual fee in the amount of fifty dollars, which cost shall include inspection. If granted, such permit shall be on such conditions as may be deemed necessary or advisable and as prescribed by the Health Officer to prevent the keeping of any and all such cats from becoming a nuisance. All cat fanciers meeting the provisions of this Section and having a cat fancier’s permit as described herein need not have the property where the cats are so maintained.

(Ord. 3618 § 70, 1991)

7.08.180 Pet fancier’s permit.

A pet fancier may own, keep or possess on his or her property not more than six spayed or neutered dogs over one year of age or twelve spayed or neutered cats over eight months of age, or any combination thereof if the number of dogs does not exceed six and the combined number of animals does not exceed twelve, provided that the pet fancier has obtained from the Animal Regulation Officer a pet fancier’s permit. The pet fancier shall obtain a pet fancier’s permit from the Animal Regulation Officer each and every twelve-month period. The Animal Regulation Officer shall issue the pet fancier’s permit only after inspecting the applicant’s property and determining that the dogs or cats, or both, will be safely confined in a completely enclosed building, residence or enclosed lot and do not pose a nuisance to the public. As a part of the application process, the Animal Control Officer shall notify all property owners contiguous to the applicant’s property that the applicant has applied for a pet fancier’s permit. The cost of the inspection and permit shall be fifty dollars. A pet fancier who has obtained a pet fancier’s permit need not have his or her property rezoned for the purpose of owning, keeping or possessing such pets.

(Ord. 3642 § 4, 1992)

7.08.185 Ferrets--Number limited.

No person shall keep more than three ferrets over four months of age at any residence or premises within the City.

(Ord. 5220 § 17, 2000)

Chapter 7.12 VACCINATION

7.12.005 Rabies control authority designated.

7.12.010 Rabies vaccination--Required--When.

7.12.020 Other vaccinations.

7.12.030 Revaccination requirements.

7.12.040 Tag and certificate.

7.12.050 Certificate form.

7.12.060 Other animals.

7.12.005 Rabies control authority designated.

The Animal Regulation Officer shall serve as the City’s Rabies Control Authority. The Rabies Control Authority is authorized to issue citations to the owner of any dog, cat or ferret that is not vaccinated against rabies as prescribed in Section 441A.435 of the Nevada Administrative Code (NAC). The only acceptable proof of vaccination is a certificate of vaccination of rabies issued pursuant to NAC 441A.440.

(Ord. 5220 § 18, 2000)

7.12.010 Rabies vaccination--Required--When.

(A) Any person owning, keeping, harboring or possessing a dog, cat or ferret within the City shall cause said animal to be vaccinated with a rabies vaccine within thirty days after the animal reaches the age of three months. Any person subsequently owning, keeping, harboring or possessing an animal within the City which has already reached the age of three months shall cause said animal to be vaccinated with a rabies vaccine within thirty days after the dog, cat or ferret came into the possession or under the control of that person, if the animal has not been previously vaccinated for rabies.

(B) Any person owning, keeping, harboring or possessing a dog, cat or ferret which was initially vaccinated for rabies in a jurisdiction other than the City while the animal was between the ages of three months and twelve months shall cause that dog, cat or ferret to be vaccinated one year after that vaccination in accordance with the requirements of Section 7.12.030.

(C) Any person owning, keeping, harboring or possessing a dog, cat or ferret which was vaccinated for rabies in a jurisdiction other than the City after the animal reached the age of twelve months is temporarily exempt from the requirements of having the animal revaccinated, pursuant to Section 7.12.030, for the effective period of the vaccine which was used in that vaccination, as stated by the manufacturer of the vaccine, measured from the date of such vaccination; provided, however, that no such animal will be exempt from the requirements of revaccination contained in Section 7.12.030 for more than three years, in the case of dogs and cats, and one year, in the case of ferrets after the date of such vaccination, regardless of the effective period of the vaccine. Any vaccination of a dog, cat or ferret for rabies which has occurred in a jurisdiction other than the City must:

(1) Have been by a person licensed to practice veterinary medicine within that jurisdiction; and

(2) Be evidenced by a Certificate of Vaccination which contains the information required in Section 7.12.050, in order for the person owning, keeping, harboring or possessing the dog, cat or ferret to be entitled to the temporary exemption provided for herein.

(Ord. 5220 § 19, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 75, 1991)

7.12.020 Other vaccinations.

Vaccinations, other than rabies vaccinations, may be required of any animal according to veterinarian recommendation, but only upon adequate notice to such person owning, harboring, keeping, or possessing such animal.

(Ord. 3618 § 76, 1991)

7.12.030 Revaccination requirements.

(A) Every person owning, keeping, harboring or possessing a dog or cat within the City which was initially vaccinated for rabies between the ages of three months and twelve months shall have his dog or cat revaccinated one year after the initial vaccination, and thereafter shall be revaccinated at least every three years with a vaccine effective for a minimum of three years.

(B) Every person owning, keeping, harboring or possessing a ferret within the City shall have his ferret revaccinated on an annual basis with a vaccine effective for a minimum of one year.

(Ord. 5220 § 20, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 77, 1991)

7.12.040 Tag and certificate.

Every veterinarian who vaccinates a dog, cat or ferret with rabies vaccine shall issue to the person owning, keeping, harboring, or possessing that animal within the City, a numbered tag of durable material with the name and phone number of his veterinarian clinic thereon, and shall issue a certificate of vaccination, substantially as reproduced in blank in Section 7.12.050. The certificate shall be prepared in triplicate with the original to the owner of the animal, a copy to the Animal Regulation Officer and a copy to be kept in the veterinarian’s records for a period of not less than three years.

(Ord. 5220 § 21, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 78, 1991)

7.12.050 Certificate form.

The certificate of vaccination contemplated in Section 7.12.040 shall be substantially as follows:

Certificate of Vaccination

Rabies Tag No.__________

Owner_________________________

Date vaccinated_______________

Street_________________________

City_______________ State_____ Zip__________

Owner’s Telephone Number_______________

Dog/Cat/Ferret__________ Name_______________

Breed_______________ Color_______________

Markings_________________________

Weight_____ Sex_____ Spayed_____ Neutered_____

Age:

3 mo. to 12 mo. [_____ (1 year vaccination)

12 mo. or older [_____] (multi-year vaccination)

Actual age of animal_____

Vaccine Serial Number__________

Producer____________________

By_____________________________,

Licensed Veterinarian

Veterinarian’s License No.__________

Address_________________________

Telephone Number_______________

(Ord. 5220 § 22, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 79, 1991)

7.12.060 Other animals.

The same vaccination procedure and exemption shall apply to other animals if the Animal Regulation Officer or his designee shall deem this prudent to ensure the safety of the public.

(Ord. 3618 § 80, 1991)

Chapter 7.16 DANGEROUS ANIMALS

7.16.010 Vicious animals at large--Misdemeanor.

7.16.020 Vicious animals--Ownership unlawful.

7.16.030 Vicious animals--Ownership permitted when.

7.16.040 Permit revocation conditions.

7.16.050 Criminal complaint--Animal Advisory Committee.

7.16.010 Vicious animals at large--Misdemeanor.

(A) Except as otherwise provided in Subsection (B) of this Section:

(1) An animal may be declared dangerous by the Animal Regulation Officer if it constitutes a physical threat to human beings or to other animals and, on two separate occasions within eighteen months:

(a) It behaves menacingly to a degree that would lead a reasonable person to defend himself against substantial bodily harm; or

(b) It bites a person, but without causing substantial bodily harm.

(2) An animal may be declared dangerous by the Animal Regulation Officer if it constitutes a physical threat to human beings or to other animals and, without regard to any previous behavior:

(a) It is used in the commission of a crime by its owner or keeper;

(b) While either at large or restrained, it causes serious injury or death to another animal that is not at large or is not otherwise in violation of this Title; or

(c) It exhibits a condition or behavior which causes the Animal Regulation Officer to believe the animal is a threat to public safety.

(3) An animal may be declared vicious by the Animal Regulation Officer if it constitutes a physical threat to human beings or to other animals and:

(a) It has killed or inflicted substantial harm upon a human being or other animal; or

(b) After having previously been declared dangerous, with notice of the declaration having been provided to the owner or keeper, it continues to exhibit the same type of behavior which resulted in the declaration, or is in violation of the provisions of Section 7.16.030.

(B)(1) An animal may not be declared dangerous pursuant to this Section for constituting a physical threat:

(a) To another animal which, or person who, provoked the animal as a result of and to the extent of the provocation;

(b) To another animal which, or person who, was unlawfully upon premises owned or occupied by the owner or keeper of the animal constituting the threat;

(c) To another animal which was running at large or otherwise in violation of this Title; or

(d) In connection with its use by law enforcement officers in the performance of their duties.

(2) An animal may not be declared vicious pursuant to this Section for constituting a physical threat:

(a) To another animal which, or person who, provoked the animal, as a result of and to the extent of the provocation;

(b) To another animal which, or person who, was unlawfully upon premises owned or occupied by the owner or keeper of the animal constituting the threat; or

(c) In connection with its use by law enforcement officers in the performance of their duties.

(Ord. 5220 § 23, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 83, 1991)

7.16.020 Vicious animals--Ownership unlawful.

It shall be unlawful for:

(A) Any person to knowingly possess, house, shelter, quarter, own or in any other way have under his control, or to transfer ownership of, a vicious or dangerous animal within the City, except as provided in this Chapter; or

(B) The owner, or any person having possession, custody or control, of a dangerous or vicious animal to permit the animal to be at large.

(Ord. 5220 § 24, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 84, 1991)

7.16.030 Vicious animals--Ownership permitted when.

Any animal which is declared to be dangerous by the Animal Regulation Officer may be kept within the City, provided that:

(A) Within fourteen days after the owner or keeper is notified of the declaration, the area in which the owner or keeper intends to keep the animal must pass an inspection by the Animal Regulation Officer, and the owner or keeper must obtain from the Animal Regulation Officer a permit to keep the animal, based upon such terms and conditions as the Animal Regulation Officer deems appropriate. A nonrefundable inspection fee of fifty dollars will be charged the owner or keeper. For purposes of this Subsection (A), notice of the declaration shall be deemed complete if it is served personally, or upon mailing by certified mail, return receipt requested, sent to the last known address of the owner or keeper.

(B) The animal shall be kept, confined or housed within an enclosure:

(1) That will ensure the animal’s retention and comfort, is of a size to permit the animal to stand upright, and is of a dimension deemed adequate by the Animal Regulation Officer; and

(2) That is secure enough so that the animal cannot bite, harm or injure anyone by overreaching the top of the fence or other enclosure.

(C) At no time shall the animal be allowed to leave the private property confines of the owner or person in charge of the animal unless it is muzzled, leashed and under the effective control of an adult.

(D) The private property shall be adequately and properly posted with conspicuous warning signs, with a listing of the name and telephone number of the owner of the animal.

(E) The animal must be sterilized by a licensed veterinarian. The owner or keeper shall maintain all sterilization records, including the type of animal sterilized, the name of the veterinarian performing the procedure, and the date the sterilization was performed.

(F) The animal shall be implanted with an electronic microchip from a manufacturer approved by the Animal Regulation Officer. The implantation must be performed by a licensed veterinarian and must conform to procedures recommended by the manufacturer. The owner or keeper shall register the microchip number in a national database in accordance with instructions from the manufacturer, and shall provide the number to the Animal Control Officer.

(G) The owner or keeper shall obtain and maintain in effect a policy of liability insurance in the amount of not less than fifty thousand dollars insuring against possible injuries inflicted by the dangerous animal. The liability insurance shall be maintained in effect as long as the owner or keeper maintains possession of the dangerous animal.

(H) The owner of a dangerous animal may not sell, relocate or give away the animal without first obtaining prior written approval from an Animal Control Officer. If such a transaction is approved, the owner or transferee shall pay a nonrefundable inspection fee of fifty dollars for inspection of the new location for the animal. The owner or transferee shall also have the national microchip number updated in the national database to reflect the change in ownership, and shall provide evidence of the update to the Animal Control Officer.

(Ord. 5497 § 3, 2002: Ord. 5220 § 26, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 85, 1991)

7.16.040 Permit revocation conditions.

(A) Any permit issued under Section 7.16.030 shall be revoked if the animal, without provocation, bites or attempts to bite any person or animal lawfully upon the permit holder’s property or upon any other property.

(B) Any person who keeps a dangerous animal after his permit has been revoked or any person who keeps, houses, quarters, or in any way has under his care or custody a dangerous animal without first obtaining a permit as set forth in Section 7.16.030 is guilty of a misdemeanor.

(Ord. 5220 § 27, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 86, 1991)

7.16.050 Criminal complaint--Animal Advisory Committee.

(A) The owner or keeper of any animal declared vicious by the Animal Regulation Officer shall be notified by personal service or by certified mail, return receipt requested, sent to the last known address of the owner or keeper. Within ten days after notice has been served personally or deposited in the mail, the owner or keeper shall voluntarily transfer possession of the animal to the Animal Regulation Officer and do one of the following:

(1) Voluntarily relinquish ownership of the animal for euthanasia in accordance with the provisions of LVMC 7.20.040;

(2) Provide written proof to the Animal Regulation Officer that the animal has been euthanized by a properly licensed veterinary clinic; or

(3) File with the Animal Regulation Officer a written request for hearing before the Animal Advisory Committee to determine if the declaration that the animal is vicious should be upheld. The owner or keeper may not maintain possession of the animal during the hearing process.

(B) If a hearing is requested within the specified time period, the Animal Regulation Officer shall convene the Animal Advisory Committee no later than forty-five days after receipt of the written request for hearing. The Animal Advisory Committee shall act expeditiously to decide the matter and may:

(1) Uphold the vicious animal declaration;

(2) Recommend that the owner or keeper obtain a dangerous animal permit, if appropriate; or

(3) Take such other action as it deems appropriate.

(C) If the Animal Advisory Committee upholds the vicious animal declaration, the Animal Regulation Officer may proceed to destroy the animal, but not until at least ten days have elapsed from the date the owner or keeper receives notice of the decision. Within that ten-day period, the owner or keeper of the animal shall have the right to seek appropriate relief in the Municipal Court.

(D) As an alternative to the procedure set forth in Subsections (A) through (C) of this Section, the question of whether an animal should be declared vicious may be referred to the Animal Advisory Committee by the Municipal Court in connection with the filing and processing of a criminal complaint. The Committee shall hold an informal hearing and report its findings and recommendations to the Court. If a defendant is found guilty of violating this Title and the Committee recommends that the animal be destroyed, the Court may order the destruction of the animal as part of the defendant’s sentence. The Court is not bound by any recommendations of the Committee and may in its discretion order that an animal be destroyed notwithstanding a contrary recommendation by the Committee.

(Ord. 5220 § 28, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 87, 1991)

Chapter 7.20 IMPOUNDMENT

7.20.010 Impoundment authorized when--Release conditions.

7.20.020 Copulating season--Confinement required--Impoundment.

7.20.030 Copulating season--Charges--Release to owner.

7.20.035 Feral cats.

7.20.040 Voluntary impoundment.

7.20.050 Animal Control Officer duties.

7.20.060 Right of entry.

7.20.070 Means of capture.

7.20.080 Holding period--Fees--Release or destruction of animals.

7.20.090 Release--Conditions.

7.20.100 Release--Adoption.

7.20.110 Release--Vaccination required.

7.20.120 Release--Rabies suspicion.

7.20.130 Determination of owner indigency.

7.20.010 Impoundment authorized when--Release conditions.

(A) Unless otherwise directed by the Animal Regulation Officer, and subject to the provisions of Subsection (B), any dog or cat running at large wearing a current City license tag as required by this Title may be returned to its owner by the Animal Control Officer if the dog or cat:

(1) Is captured within a one mile radius of the owner’s residence;

(2) Has not previously been returned to its owner pursuant to this Subsection within the past six months; and

(3) The owner is home and willing to take possession of the dog or cat, and the dog or cat can be secured at the residence of the owner.

(B) Any dog or cat running at large may be impounded by the Animal Control Officer at the Animal Control Center if the dog or cat:

(1) Does not qualify to be returned to its owner pursuant to Subsection (A);

(2) Is afflicted or suspected of being afflicted with rabies;

(3) Has a history of biting;

(4) Is a vicious animal; or

(5) Is sick or injured and the owner cannot be personally contacted or is unable to take immediate possession of the dog or cat.

(C) Upon proof of ownership, the owner shall be able to remove the dog or cat from impoundment, subject to the provisions of LVMC 7.20.080, upon payment of an impound fee of twenty-five dollars plus payment of boarding fees of five dollars per day or part thereof; provided, however, these impound and boarding fees may be waived or partially waived if the owner is indigent and qualifies, pursuant to regulations adopted by the Animal Regulation Officer, for such waivers. Fees paid pursuant to this Subsection shall go to the credit of the City.

(D) If any such animal is licensed and the license tag has been lost, the same shall, before the release of the animal from the Animal Control Center, be replaced at the expense of the owner at a cost of five dollars, payable to the Animal Regulation Officer.

(E) If such dog or cat is unlicensed, its release shall be conditioned upon the delivery of a certificate of vaccination to the Animal Regulation Officer, and the payment to said Animal Regulation Officer of the license fee in accordance with the provisions of this Title, whereupon such owner so reclaiming such dog or cat shall be entitled to a license and numbered license tag.

(F) If the dog or cat is unvaccinated, the owner shall also be required to have the dog or cat vaccinated prior to release.

(Ord. 4091 § 1, 1997: Ord. 3618 § 90, 1991)

7.20.020 Copulating season--Confinement required--Impoundment.

It is unlawful for the owner of any female dog or cat to suffer, permit, or allow their dog or cat to run at large while the dog or cat is in its copulating season, and the owner of such female dog or cat shall keep the same secured upon his premises in an adequately enclosed area or in a boarding kennel so that other dogs or cats shall not have access thereto. Every female dog or cat which is not kept in conformance with this Section shall be immediately seized and impounded in the Animal Control Center and held subject to the provisions of this Chapter.

(Ord. 3618 § 91, 1991)

7.20.030 Copulating season--Charges--Release to owner.

(A) The fee for impounding such dog or cat as provided in Section 7.20.020 shall be fifty dollars, plus five dollars per day or any part thereof, twenty-five dollars of which can, at the option of the owner, be applied toward the spaying of the dog or cat at a veterinarian of the owner’s choice if the spaying is performed within ninety days. The Animal Regulation Officer shall forward the thirty-five dollars to the veterinarian upon the latter’s proof of the spaying of the dog or cat. Should the owner opt not to have the spaying performed, the entire fifty dollars shall be retained by the City.

(B) If a dog or cat running at large in copulating season is captured by the Animal Regulation Officer for the second time within a five-year period of the first capture in copulating season, then a fine of one hundred dollars plus five dollars per day for any time over twenty-four hours shall be levied by the City with the same option of spay to the owner of the dog or cat as on the first capture.

(C) All subsequent captures in copulating season within a five-year period of the first capture shall cause a fine of one hundred fifty dollars plus five dollars per day for any time over twenty-four hours to be levied by the City with the same option to the owner of the dog or cat as on the first capture.

(Ord. 3618 § 92, 1991)

7.20.035 Feral cats.

(A) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Title, a duly recognized animal welfare society, humane organization or animal clinic, in order to encourage the stabilization of the feral cat population in the City, may, at its own expense, do the following with respect to a feral cat:

(1) Trap the animal in a humane manner;

(2) Have the cat properly sterilized and vaccinated for rabies; and

(3) Release the cat either:

(a) To an Animal Control Officer for adoption or other disposition in accordance with law, or

(b) To a responsible person who is willing to:

(i) On a regular and ongoing basis, provide the cat with food, water, shelter and, when necessary, medical care;

(ii) Maintain a record of the cat’s sterilization and vaccination; and

(iii) Revaccinate the cat for rabies in accordance with Section 7.12.030 and provide other vaccinations as may be required by the Health Officer according to veterinarian recommendation.

(B) The licensing requirements of this Title shall not apply to any cat that has been released pursuant to Subsection (A) and to the extent that:

(1) The releasing organization has notched the ear of the cat or otherwise identified it as a feral cat that has been properly sterilized and vaccinated;

(2) The releasing organization has created and maintains a record of the release, and has notified the Animal Regulation Officer in writing of the location of the cat and to whom it was released, unless it was released to the Animal Regulation Officer; and

(3) The person to whom the cat is released maintains and makes available for inspection, upon request, a record of the cat’s sterilization and vaccination.

(C) The Animal Control Officer may impound any feral cat if:

(1) The cat poses a threat to public safety or health by reason of a disease or condition which may be transmitted to other animals or humans;

(2) The cat becomes a public nuisance as described in Chapter 7.36; or

(3) With respect to that cat, the releasing organization or the person to whom the cat is released fails to comply with the requirements of this Section.

(Ord. 5220 § 29, 2000: Ord. 3733 § 1 1993)

7.20.040 Voluntary impoundment.

(A) Any animal brought to the Animal Control Center by any person purporting to be the owner thereof, to be impounded or destroyed, shall be kept by the designated Animal Control Center for a period not less than twenty-four hours after impoundment and before disposition as required by law; the person purporting to be the owner of said animal shall pay a reasonable fee to be determined by the Animal Regulation Officer to personnel of the Animal Control Center upon the delivery of said animal.

(B) Any sick or injured animal impounded may be euthanized at any time after impoundment, if, in the professional judgment and certification of a veterinarian, inhumane suffering may be prevented thereby.

(C) Litters of animals up to three months of age and the nursing mothers thereof impounded by the owner for purposes of adoption may be made available for adoption by the public immediately after impoundment.

(Ord. 3618 § 93, 1991)

7.20.050 Animal Control Officer duties.

The Animal Control Officer shall capture any large or dangerous dog or cat found running at large within the City.

(Ord. 3618 § 94, 1991)

7.20.060 Right of entry.

The Animal Control Officer or any Peace Officer shall have the right for just cause to enter upon any private or public property in the City in order to examine or capture any animal thereon or therein; provided, however, that no such officer shall have the right to enter a house or structure which is in use as a residence without having first secured a search warrant therefor.

(Ord. 3618 § 95, 1991)

7.20.070 Means of capture.

The Animal Regulation Officer and any Animal Control Officer shall have the authority, when deemed reasonably necessary, to utilize any weapon, device or substance in order to apprehend, capture, control, or subdue any animal running at large, or considered to be a threat to persons or property in the immediate area.

(Ord. 3618 § 96, 1991)

7.20.080 Holding period--Fees--Release or destruction of animals.

(A) Any animal impounded in the Animal Control Center as provided in this Title shall be kept for a minimum of seventy-two hours; provided, however, that any such animal may, after the first seventy-two hours, be released to any person who shall pay all reasonable veterinary medical costs incurred by the City and any other appropriate fees as provided in this Title; however, that if ownership is proven, the owner may pick up the animal at any time contingent on compliance with all provisions of this Title.

(B) If the ownership of an animal is not proven or if such animal is not released pursuant to Subsection (A) of this Section within seventy-two hours, or within the ten-day period of observation for rabies as provided in Chapter 7.24, the animal may be destroyed in a humane manner in compliance with and pursuant to the provisions of Sections 7.32.260 through 7.32.290, under the direction of the Animal Regulation Officer.

(C) If the animal is on a court or Animal Regulation Officer’s hold to determine if the animal is vicious, the owner must pay the impound fee of twenty-five dollars plus payment of boarding fees of ten dollars per day or any part thereof until the animal has been released. Payment shall go to the credit of the City.

(D) Any sick or injured animal may be euthanized at any time after impoundment if inhumane suffering may be prevented in the professional judgment and certification of the shelter services or contracted veterinarian.

(E) Any feral cat impounded in the Animal Control Center may be euthanized after forty-eight hours if the cat has been deemed feral by both the shelter services veterinarian and an Animal Control Officer.

(Ord. 5220 § 30, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 97, 1991)

7.20.090 Release--Conditions.

No dog or cat so impounded shall be released to any person except upon performance of the following conditions:

(A) There has been presented to the Animal Regulation Officer a current license for such dog or cat issued by the City, County or one of their political subdivisions, or a current license from any other state or nation, or a political subdivision of the same, by the person owning or possessing such dog or cat;

(B) Where the person owning, keeping, harboring, or possessing such dog or cat is a resident of the City and the dog or cat is unlicensed, there has been paid to the Animal Regulation Officer the license fee for a City dog or cat license as provided by law;

(C) There has been paid all appropriate licensing and certification fees as provided by law;

(D) The Animal Regulation Officer has determined that such dog or cat does not have or is not reasonably suspected of having rabies.

(Ord. 3618 § 98, 1991)

7.20.100 Release--Adoption.

Before the release of any animal by way of an adoption, an adoption fee, plus the cost of sterilization and rabies vaccination, will be paid to the Animal Regulation Officer. All dogs and cats older than four months must be sterilized prior to being released for adoption from the Animal Control Center.

(Ord. 3618 § 99, 1991)

7.20.110 Release--Vaccination required.

After the animal has been vaccinated, or the fee for vaccination has been paid, and if all the conditions of this Title have been satisfied, the Animal Control Officer shall release such dog or cat to the owner, or to the person applying for the release of such animal as herein provided.

(Ord. 3618 § 100, 1991)

7.20.120 Release--Rabies suspicion.

If the Animal Control Officer suspects that any dog or cat so impounded has rabies, he shall hold such animal for inspection by a veterinarian. In the event that such animal is afflicted with rabies, it shall be disposed of or confined for such time as the Health Officer shall direct. Whenever the veterinarian determines that such dog or cat does not have rabies, it shall be released as provided herein.

(Ord. 3618 § 101, 1991)

7.20.130 Determination of owner indigency.

For the purposes of this Title, a dog or cat owner is deemed to be indigent if his or her annual income is at or below the poverty threshold established by the Census Bureau of the United States Department of Commerce for the year in question.

(Ord. 4091 § 2, 1997)

Chapter 7.24 RABIES PREVENTION AND QUARANTINE

7.24.010 Quarantine authority generally.

7.24.020 Biting animal--Reporting.

7.24.030 Biting animal--Confinement if vaccinated.

7.24.040 Biting animal--Confinement if unvaccinated.

7.24.050 Rabies suspect--Confinement and release conditions.

7.24.060 Rabies suspect--Impoundment--Destruction procedures.

7.24.070 Rabies suspect--Period of confinement.

7.24.080 Owner to report suspicion.

7.24.090 Bitten animals.

7.24.100 Right of entry.

7.24.110 Duty of Health and Animal Regulation Officers.

7.24.120 Animal bite record.

7.24.010 Quarantine authority generally.

The Health Officer may, by public notice and proclamation, quarantine any animal in any area of the City where he finds rabies or other disease to exist. During such quarantine period and until public notice of its termination has been given by the Health Officer, each animal in that area must be securely confined by its owner. All such designated animals found at large in that area during such period may be impounded, quarantined, or destroyed at the order of the Health Officer.

(Ord. 3618 § 104, 1991)

7.24.020 Biting animal--Reporting.

Any person, including the owner of an animal, who has knowledge that the animal has bitten a human being has a duty to promptly report the same to the Health Officer or the Animal Control Officer, and to provide all pertinent information requested by them.

(Ord. 5497 § 4, 2002: Ord. 3618 § 105, 1991)

7.24.030 Biting animal--Confinement if vaccinated.

(A) A home confinement may be approved by the Animal Control Officer. If the biting animal has been properly vaccinated against rabies, it shall be the duty of the person owning, possessing or having the care, custody and control of said animal to confine such animal separately and securely in an enclosed building or lot for a period of ten days, and shall comply with the terms and conditions of the home confinement approval by the Animal Control Officer. If the biting animal is considered vicious by the Animal Control Officer, the owner shall immediately relinquish custody of the animal upon demand by the Animal Control Officer, and the animal will be impounded at the Animal Control Center. In the event such animal develops any illness during such period of time, the owner or person having the care, custody, and control must promptly notify a veterinarian, who shall make such examination as he deems necessary and report to the Animal Control Officer in the event said animal is deemed to have rabies, and said animal shall be handled in accordance with the provisions hereof.

(B) The maximum period of confinement for observation of the vaccinated animal confined at the Animal Control Center shall be ten days, even if said animal is obtained from any other governmental entity, including, but not limited to, the State, the County, the City of North Las Vegas, the City of Henderson, and the City of Boulder City. If the animal is not released after the maximum ten-day period, as provided by law, it may be destroyed thereafter, except when the animal has a hold on it.

(Ord. 5497 § 5, 2002: Ord. 3618 § 106, 1991)

7.24.040 Biting animal--Confinement if unvaccinated.

(A) In the event the biting animal has not been vaccinated against rabies, said animal shall be confined, at the owner’s expense, separately, in either the animal quarters at the business premises of a veterinarian, at a commercial kennel, or in the City Animal Control Center for a period of ten days’ observation, and if not released as provided by law, may be destroyed thereafter. Such animal shall not be released before suitable provisions for vaccination and licensing have been made as set forth in this Title. If the biting animal is considered vicious by the Animal Control Officer, the animal will be impounded at the Animal Control Center.

(B) The maximum period of confinement for observation of the unvaccinated animal confined at the Animal Control Center shall be ten days, even if said animal is obtained from any other governmental entity, including, but not limited to, the State, the County, the City of North Las Vegas, the City of Henderson, and the City of Boulder City. If the animal is not released after the maximum ten-day period, as provided by law, it may be destroyed thereafter, except when the animal has a hold on it.

(Ord. 3618 § 107, 1991)

7.24.050 Rabies suspect--Confinement and release conditions.

(A) Upon the receipt by the Animal Control Officer of any animal believed to be afflicted with rabies, which has been bitten by any animal afflicted or suspected of being afflicted with rabies, or which has been exposed to the infection of rabies, the Animal Control Officer shall separately confine such animal and shall immediately notify a veterinarian and the Health Officer. The veterinarian or Health Officer shall thereupon make such examination of the animal as may be deemed necessary. If, upon such examination, it is determined that such animal is afflicted with rabies, the Animal Control Officer shall be so advised.

(B) It shall be the duty of the Animal Control Officer to keep such animal suspected of having rabies confined for such time as the veterinarian or Health Officer may direct, and such animal shall not be redeemed or released except upon written order signed by the Health Officer. Such animal shall not be released before suitable provisions for vaccination and licensing have been made as set forth in this Title.

(C) The cost of all examinations shall be borne by the owner of said animal.

(Ord. 3618 § 108, 1991)

7.24.060 Rabies suspect--Impoundment--Destruction procedures.

It shall be the duty of the Animal Control Officer to impound any animal found in or upon any public street, alley or other public place, or in or upon any lot or premises, whether public or private, if such animal is known to have or suspected of having rabies, or known to have been bitten by any animal having or suspected of having rabies, and such animal shall be brought immediately before the Health Officer and a veterinarian for determination of whether the animal shall be destroyed or impounded. If destruction of the animal is required, destruction shall be accomplished in such manner as to preserve intact the head. Such head shall promptly and without delay be properly removed and packaged for shipment for laboratory analysis as prescribed by the Health Officer.

(Ord. 3618 § 109, 1991)

7.24.070 Rabies suspect--Period of confinement.

The maximum period of confinement for observation at the Animal Control Center of a animal known to have or suspected of having rabies shall be ten days, even if said animal is obtained from any other governmental entity, including, but not limited to, the State, the County, and the cities of North Las Vegas, Henderson, and Boulder City. If the animal is not released after the maximum ten-day period, as provided by law, it may be destroyed thereafter. Any other animal known to have or suspected of having rabies shall be confined for observation at the Animal Control Center for such necessary period of time as shall be determined by the Health Officer, but in no event less than ten days.

(Ord. 3618 § 110, 1991)

7.24.080 Owner to report suspicion.

Whenever any person owning, possessing or having the custody or control of an animal shall observe or learn that such animal shows symptoms of rabies, or acts in a manner which would lead to a reasonable suspicion that it may have rabies, he shall immediately notify a veterinarian or the Health Officer to make an inspection or examination of such animal until it shall be established to the satisfaction of said veterinarian or Health Officer that such animal has or does not have rabies. There shall be immediate notification to the Health Officer and the Animal Regulation Officer of any animal which dies during quarantine and any such animal shall be preserved for laboratory analysis.

(Ord. 3618 § 111, 1991)

7.24.090 Bitten animals.

Whenever any animal is bitten by another animal suspected of having rabies, the owner of the bitten animal and the owner of the biting animal shall immediately notify the Health Officer and the Animal Control Officer who, in their discretion, may quarantine such animals for a period to be determined and in such manner as prescribed by the Health Officer.

(Ord. 3618 § 112, 1991)

7.24.100 Right of entry.

The Health Officer is hereby empowered to enter upon any private or public property for the purpose of ascertaining whether any animal kept or harbored therein is afflicted with rabies.

(Ord. 3618 § 113, 1991)

7.24.110 Duty of Health and Animal Regulation Officers.

If it shall appear to the Health Officer or Animal Control Officer that an animal has rabies, he shall forthwith impound for observation such animal until released by the Health Officer.

(Ord. 3618 § 114, 1991)

7.24.120 Animal bite record.

It shall be the duty of the Animal Regulation Officer to keep an accurate record of all reports of animal bites, including the place of occurrence, time of report, person making the report, disposition of the case, and such other information as may be required by the Animal Regulation Officer or the Health Officer. Each such case shall be investigated and the animal properly dealt with in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter.

(Ord. 3618 § 115, 1991)

Chapter 7.28 ANIMAL CLINIC

7.28.010 Establishment--Purpose.

7.28.020 Consent for services--Liability waiver.

7.28.030 Pickup date--Board and care charges.

7.28.010 Establishment--Purpose.

The City Council is hereby authorized and empowered to establish or designate a clinic to perform low-cost spays, neuters and health inoculations on, and administer birth-control drugs or devices to, animals belonging to the general public. The clinic is authorized to charge reasonable fees for those services in amounts established:

(A) By the Animal Regulation Officer, if the clinic is operated by the City; or

(B) Otherwise, in accordance with an agreement between the City and the operator of the clinic.

(Ord. 5497 § 6, 2002: Ord. 3618 § 116, 1991: Ord. 1777 § 2 (part), 1975: prior code § 6-2-8 (A))

7.28.020 Consent for services--Liability waiver.

(A) A person submitting an animal for such services shall sign a consent form stating thereon that he or she is the owner of said animal or is otherwise authorized to present the animal for the services contemplated in Section 7.28.010 and such person may be required to furnish proof of such ownership or authority.

(B) Such consent shall contain a waiver and indemnity from any and all liability of the City and any City employees, agents or servants for any injury or death to an animal arising out of the aforementioned operations or services provided thereto.

(Ord. 1777 § 2 (part), 1975: prior code § 6-2-8 (B))

7.28.030 Pickup date--Board and care charges.

The clinic shall establish a return date by which the person submitting the animal for the above operations or services shall pick up said animal or otherwise be responsible for a reasonable board and care fee to commence after such return date. Failure to pick up an animal within seventy-two hours of said return date shall be deemed abandonment of such animal and the Animal Control Center may dispose of it according to law.

(Ord. 3618 § 117, 1991: Ord. 1777 § 2 (part), 1975: prior code § 6-2-8 (C))

Chapter 7.32 CRUELTY

7.32.010 Abandonment.

7.32.020 Protective care by officer.

7.32.030 Poisoning.

7.32.040 Placing injurious substances to harm animals.

7.32.050 Vehicle confinement--Open trucks.

7.32.060 Vehicle confinement--Responsible owner.

7.32.070 Vehicle confinement--Vehicle owner.

7.32.080 Vehicle confinement--Right of entry.

7.32.090 Found animal--Reporting.

7.32.100 Injury by vehicle--Motorist responsibility.

7.32.110 Keeping animals for fights--Shooting animals or birds.

7.32.120 Injury and overwork.

7.32.130 Sustenance deprivation.

7.32.130 Greyhound racing prohibited.

7.32.140 Riding or driving animals while intoxicated.

7.32.150 Reflectors for roadside travel.

7.32.160 Insufficient size of confinement area.

7.32.170 Trapping--Manner--Care while trapped.

7.32.180 Trapping--Disposal.

7.32.190 Crating or boxing.

7.32.200 Sale--Age requirements.

7.32.210 Sale--Business license required.

7.32.220 Use of animal--Advertisement purposes.

7.32.230 Amusement game--Target.

7.32.240 Dyeing or coloring baby animals.

7.32.250 Research or medical use.

7.32.260 Euthanasia--Permitted methods.

7.32.270 Euthanasia--Permit required.

7.32.280 Euthanasia--Inspection authority.

7.32.290 Animal Control Officer--Right of entry.

7.32.010 Abandonment.

It shall be unlawful for any person owning, possessing or having the care, custody and control of any animal, living or dead, to go away and leave without adequate care and control the same in a public street, road, alley, or any other public place, or upon the private property of himself or another.

(Ord. 5497 § 7, 2002: Ord. 3618 § 120, 1991)

7.32.020 Protective care by officer.

Whenever an Animal Control Officer finds that any animal is, or will be, without proper care, the Animal Control Officer may take such animal into his protective care; and in the event of sickness, injury or abuse of the animal, the Animal Control Officer may take any action to prevent undue pain and suffering, including impoundment or immediate destruction of the animal.

(Ord. 3618 § 121, 1991)

7.32.030 Poisoning.

It shall be a misdemeanor for any person unjustifiably to administer any poisonous drug or substance with intent that the same shall be taken by an animal, whether such animal is the property of himself or another, or whether said drug or substance is exposed upon such person’s property, the private property of another, or any public place; provided, that nothing herein shall be construed to prevent or restrict the Animal Regulation Officer or Health Officer in the exercise and performance of the powers and duties in this Title.

(Ord. 3618 § 122, 1991)

7.32.040 Placing injurious substances to harm animals.

It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to wilfully throw, drop or place, or cause to be thrown, dropped or placed upon any road, highway, street, alley or public place, or upon the private property of himself or another, any glass, nails, pieces of metal or other substance or device calculated to wound, disable or injure any animal.

(Ord. 3618 § 123, 1991)

7.32.050 Vehicle confinement--Open trucks.

It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to carry or enclose, or cause to be carried or enclosed, in or upon any vehicle any animal in a cruel or inhumane manner. It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to transport or convey any animal in the bed of an open pickup or similar open vehicle, without making provisions to prevent said animal from jumping or being thrown from said vehicle.

(Ord. 3618 § 124, 1991)

7.32.060 Vehicle confinement--Responsible owner.

No person having charge or custody of an animal, as owner or otherwise, shall place or confine such animal or allow such animal to be placed or confined or to remain in a motor vehicle under such conditions or for such period of time as may endanger the health or well-being of such animal due to heat, cold, lack of food or drink, or such other circumstances as may reasonably be expected to cause suffering, disability or death.

(Ord. 3618 § 125, 1991)

7.32.070 Vehicle confinement--Vehicle owner.

No person having dominion or control over a motor vehicle, as owner or otherwise, shall place or confine an animal or allow an animal to be placed or confined or to remain in a motor vehicle under such conditions or for such period of time as may endanger the health or well-being of such animal due to heat, cold, lack of food or drink, or such other circumstances as may reasonably be expected to cause suffering, disability or death.

(Ord. 3618 § 126, 1991)

7.32.080 Vehicle confinement--Right of entry.

Any peace officer or Animal Control Officer who finds an animal in a motor vehicle in violation of this Chapter may break and enter the motor vehicle causing the minimum damage necessary to safely remove the animal if necessary to remove the animal.

(A) The Officer removing the animal shall take the animal to the Animal Control Center or to a veterinary clinic for safekeeping and shall, in the event the person having custody cannot be otherwise contacted, leave in a prominent place in the motor vehicle a written notice bearing his name and office and the address where the animal may be claimed by the owner thereof.

(B) The animal will be surrendered to the owner if the owner claims the animal within five working days from the time the animal was removed from the motor vehicle and pays all applicable charges that have accrued for the maintenance of the animal.

(C) Any animal impounded in the Animal Control Center as provided in this Title shall be kept for a minimum of seventy-two hours. After that period, the animal may be released to any person, who shall pay all appropriate fees as provided in this Title.

(Ord. 5220 § 31, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 127, 1991)

7.32.090 Found animal--Reporting.

Each person who takes custody of any animal that is lost, abandoned, or apparently running at large, shall report the same to the Las Vegas Animal Control Center immediately after taking custody thereof. For purposes of this Section, an animal shall be considered to be abandoned if:

(A) The person having care, custody or control of the animal leaves the animal without adequate care or control on public or private property; or

(B) The animal has not been claimed by the agreed-upon time after having been boarded, groomed, trained, handled or cared for by a professional animal handler or veterinarian.

(Ord. 5497 § 8, 2002: Ord. 3618 § 128, 1991)

7.32.100 Injury by vehicle--Motorist responsibility.

(A) Every operator of any vehicle upon the streets and ways of the City shall immediately upon injury, striking, maiming or running down any animal give such aid as he is reasonably able to render. In the absence of the animal’s owner, he shall immediately notify the Animal Control Officer furnishing sufficient facts relative to such injury.

(B) It is the duty of such operator to remain at or near the scene until the appropriate authorities arrive, and such operator shall immediately identify himself to the appropriate authority.

(C) Alternatively, in the absence of the animal’s owner, a person may give aid by taking the animal to a veterinary hospital or the Animal Control Center and thereafter notifying the Animal Regulation Officer. Such animal shall be deemed an uncared for animal within the meaning of Section 7.32.020.

(D) Emergency vehicles are not required to stop but shall notify the Animal Control Officer, furnishing sufficient facts relative to such injury.

(Ord. 3618 § 129, 1991)

7.32.110 Keeping animals for fights--Shooting animals or birds.

(A) It is unlawful for any person to:

(1) Own, keep, or use, or be in any manner connected with or financially interested in the management of, or to receive money or other thing of value for the admission of any person to, a house, apartment, pit or place procured or permitted to be used or occupied for an animal fighting venture;

(2) Instigate, promote, arrange, or carry on an animal fighting venture;

(3) Breed or train any animal for the purpose of using the animal in an animal fighting venture;

(4) Keep or possess any animal under circumstances evincing an intent to use the animal in an animal fighting venture; or

(5) Perform any act as assistant, umpire, principal, spectator or otherwise in a fight between animals, or in aid of or calculated to encourage or further any animal fighting venture.

(B) It is unlawful for any person who is not engaged in training a dog for field trial or hunting, or in staging a field trial or training class, to fire upon any animal, including a pigeon or other bird, unless hunting pursuant to authority granting from the U.S. Government, the State, or one of their respective political subdivisions.

(Ord. 5696 § 2, 2004: Ord. 3618 § 130, 1991)

7.32.120 Injury and overwork.

(A) It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to overdrive, overload, torture or cruelly beat, or unjustifiably injure, maim, mutilate or kill any animal whether belonging to himself or to another, and whether on or off the premises of the owner of said animal.

(B) It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to intentionally trip or fell any equine animal by the legs or any means whatsoever for the purpose of entertainment or sport whether belonging to himself or another, and whether on or off the premises of the owner of said animal.

(Ord. 4037 § 1, 1996: Ord. 3618 § 131, 1991)

7.32.130 Sustenance deprivation.

It shall be unlawful to:

(A) Deprive any animal of necessary sustenance, food, drink or shelter;

(B) Expose any animal to the elements of the weather and to the extremes of heat or cold;

(C) Fail or refuse to obtain for an animal veterinary care for illness, injury, disease or infirmity; or

(D) Wilfully instigate, engage in, or in any way further an act of cruelty to any animal, or any act to produce such cruelty.

(Ord. 5220 § 32, 2000: Ord. 3618 § 132, 1991)

7.32.130 Greyhound racing prohibited.

(A) “Greyhound” means a purebred greyhound dog registered by the National Greyhound Association.

(B) It is unlawful to conduct greyhound racing within the City of Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada.

(Ord. 4054 § 1, 1997)

7.32.140 Riding or driving animals while intoxicated.

It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to ride or drive an equine while such person is under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drug.

(Ord. 3618 § 133, 1991)

7.32.150 Reflectors for roadside travel.

It shall be a misdemeanor to drive, ride or lead any animal except dog or cats, upon or beside any public highway, road or way between the hours of sunset and sunrise without having safety reflectors or reflective tape visible from any direction on their tack or body.

(Ord. 3618 § 134, 1991)

7.32.160 Insufficient size of confinement area.

It shall be a misdemeanor to confine an animal in any cage, coop, or fence barrier of a size deemed insufficient by the Animal Control Officer, or to restrict any animal by leash, cord, or chain of a length deemed insufficient for that type of animal by the Animal Control Officer.

(Ord. 3618 § 135, 1991)

7.32.170 Trapping--Manner--Care while trapped.

It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to trap any animal with other than a humane “live” trap which will inflict no physical injury upon the animal; and it shall be unlawful for any person to lure or entice, by means of food or otherwise, any animal into other than a humane “live” trap; it shall be unlawful for any person having trapped an animal to leave it without food, water or shelter, for an unreasonable period of time.

(Ord. 3618 § 136, 1991)

7.32.180 Trapping--Disposal.

It shall be a misdemeanor for any person who has trapped an animal, or discovers any animal so trapped, to dispose of it in any fashion not otherwise provided by law, but said person shall call the Animal Control Officer to have said animal picked up, deliver it to the Animal Control Center, or otherwise dispose of it as directed by the Animal Control Officer.

(Ord. 3618 § 137, 1991)

7.32.190 Crating or boxing.

It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to overcrowd any animal in any crate, box or other receptacle, or fail to provide food, water, shelter, or sanitation for same.

(Ord. 3618 § 138, 1991)

7.32.200 Sale--Age requirements.

It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to sell or offer for sale, barter or give away baby chicks, ducklings, other fowl under four weeks of age or rabbits under two weeks of age, as pets or novelties. This Chapter shall not be construed to prohibit the display or sale of natural chicks, rabbits, ducklings or other fowl, in proper breeder facilities by hatcheries, or stores engaged in the business of selling the same to be raised for commercial purposes.

(Ord. 3618 § 139, 1991)

7.32.210 Sale--Business license required.

It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to display, sell or offer for sale, barter, give away, or otherwise dispose of any animal upon any street, sidewalk, public building, public park, or other public place, without the proper business license to do so.

(Ord. 3618 § 140, 1991)

7.32.220 Use of animal--Advertisement purposes.

It shall be a misdemeanor for any person in connection with any advertising campaign or promotion to use, give, sell, or barter, or offer to use, give, sell, or barter, as a gift or prize, any live animal in any manner where there will be a transfer of ownership or possession.

(Ord. 3618 § 141, 1991)

7.32.230 Amusement game--Target.

It shall be a misdemeanor for any owner, operator, or agent or any carnival, fair, or amusement park to use any live animal as or for a target.

(Ord. 3618 § 142, 1991)

7.32.240 Dyeing or coloring baby animals.

It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to dye or color by any means any baby chick, rabbit, duckling or fowl, or to dye or color any animal for purposes of concealing its identity.

(Ord. 3618 § 143, 1991)

7.32.250 Research or medical use.

(A) It shall be a misdemeanor, except as provided in Subsection (B), for any person to sell or offer for sale, buy or offer to buy, barter or offer to barter, give or offer to give, or furnish any animal for experimental, laboratory, vivisection, dissection or teaching purposes.

(B) Any person may sell or offer for sale, buy or offer to buy, barter or offer to barter, give or offer to give, or furnish any animal for properly conducted scientific experiments or investigations which are performed under the authority of the faculty of any regularly incorporated medical college or university of this State, or under the authority of the staff of a licensed hospital or laboratory facility in the course and scope of their work.

(C) Notwithstanding the provisions of Subsection (B), the City Animal Control Center shall not knowingly release an animal to any person who intends to use the animal for experimental, laboratory or vivisection purposes.

(Ord. 5073 § 1, 1998: Ord. 3618 § 144, 1991)

7.32.260 Euthanasia--Permitted methods.

No device or method may be used in the euthanasia of any dog or cat, except the injection of sodium pentobarbital. An exception is permitted if approved by the American Veterinarians Association.

(Ord. 3618 § 145, 1991)

7.32.270 Euthanasia--Permit required.

No employee of a public or private Animal Control Center may use sodium pentobarbital in the euthanasia of animals unless he is certified to use those substances.

(Ord. 3618 § 146, 1991)

7.32.280 Euthanasia--Inspection authority.

Any member of the local Board of Health or member of the Nevada State board of Veterinary Medical Examiners may inspect the operation of any public or private facility used in the euthanasia of animals in this City.

(Ord. 3618 § 147, 1991)

7.32.290 Animal Control Officer--Right of entry.

The Animal Control Officer and any Peace Officer shall have the right with probable cause to enter upon any private or public property in the City in order to examine or capture any animal thereon or therein; provided, however, that no such officer shall have the right to enter a house or structure which is in use as a residence without having first secured a search warrant therefor.

(Ord. 3618 § 148, 1991)

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