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Title Authorsort descending Citation Summary Type
Brief Overview of Trainer Responsibility for Racehorse Breakdowns in New York Cynthia F. Hodges The Animal Legal and Historical Center

This brief summary presents reasons why trainers should be held criminally liable when racehorses break down under the New York anti-cruelty statute, Agriculture and Markets Law § 353. This section prohibits anyone from unjustifiably overdriving, torturing, injuring, or killing animals. By racing unfit horses, the trainers are not only withholding medical care, but are causing pain and further injury to the horses, which is cruel under the statute. Knowingly racing an unfit horse meets the definition of “cruelty” under § 353, and a guilty trainer should be held to account.

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Dog Number Restrictions Cynthia Hodges

Brief Summary of Ordinances for Pet Number Restrictions
Cynthia Hodges, J.D., LL.M., M.A. (2010)

 

 Topical Introduction
Brief Summary of State Cat Laws Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

Most state cat laws deal with anti-cruelty and health concerns, such as requiring rabies vaccinations. A majority of states address over-population by requiring shelters to sterilize animals they adopt out, but otherwise consider free-roaming and feral cats to be a local issue. Local governments deal with the problems associated with these cats, such as nuisance, trespass, property damage, and destruction of native wildlife.

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Brief Summary of State Spay and Neuter Laws Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal and Historical Center

A majority of states have enacted laws requiring releasing agencies to sterilize cats and dogs they adopt out in an effort to reduce the number of unwanted animals. Exceptions to the mandatory sterilization laws are often made for owners and for medically unfit animals. Violations are punishable both civilly and criminally.

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Horse Racing and Trainer Liability Cynthia Hodges

Brief Summary of Trainer Responsibility for Racehorse Breakdowns in New York
Cynthia F. Hodges, MA, JD (2008)

 Topical Introduction
Overview of State Emergency Planning Laws for Animals Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

Since 2005, major changes have been made to federal and state emergency planning laws with respect to animals. State laws require emergency plans to include steps to be taken during a disaster, including evacuation, rescue and recovery, shelters and tracking.

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Trainer Responsibility for Racehorse Breakdowns in New York Cynthia F. Hodges The Animal Legal and Historical Center

Trainers should be held criminally liable when racehorses break down under the New York anti-cruelty statute, Agriculture and Markets Law § 353. This section prohibits anyone from unjustifiably overdriving, torturing, injuring, or killing animals. By racing unfit horses, the trainers are not only withholding medical care, but are causing pain and further injury to the horses, which is cruel under the statute. Knowingly racing an unfit horse meets the definition of “cruelty” under § 353, and a guilty trainer should be held to account.

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Equine Activity Liability Cynthia Hodges

Brief Summary of Equine Activity Liability Acts (EALA)
Cynthia Hodges, J.D., LL.M., M.A. (2010)

 Topical Introduction
Assistance Animals Cynthia Hodges

Brief Summary of Assistance Animals Laws
Cynthia Hodges, J.D., LL.M., M.A. (2010)

 Topical Introduction
Brief Summary of Ordinances for Pet Number Restrictions Cynthia F. Hodges Animal Legal & Historical Center

Some cities and towns have attempted to address pet nuisance issues by limiting the number of pets a person can own. These laws are sometimes challenged by pet owners because the laws impact pet owners’ property rights. However, courts usually uphold the laws if they are rationally related to protecting the public health, safety, and welfare.

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