Full Case Name:  May F. Jones vs. Mrs. Robert J. Craddock

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Country of Origin:  United States Court Name:  Supreme Court of North Carolina Primary Citation:  187 S.E. 558 (N.C. 1936) Date of Decision:  Wednesday, September 23, 1936 Judge Name:  DEVIN, Justice Jurisdiction Level:  North Carolina Alternate Citation:  210 N.C. 429 (1936) Judges:  Justice DEVIN Attorneys:  J. Y. Jordan, Jr., of Asheville, for appellant. Harkins, Van Winkle & Walton, of Asheville, for appellee. Docket Num:  No. 92
Summary:

The plaintiff in Jones v. Craddock , 210 N.C. 429 (N.C. 1936), brought a cause of action for negligent injury to her dog. In this case of first impression, the court embraced, “. . . the modern view that ordinarily dogs constitute a species of property, subject to all the incidents of chattel and valuable domestic animals.” The court determined that plaintiff was entitled to a cause of action for negligence since defendant could have avoided running over plaintiff’s companion animal with a slight turn.

 The only question presented by this appeal is whether the court below erred in granting the motion for nonsuit. It therefore becomes necessary to examine the evidence presented in support of plaintiff's action in order to determine whether it was of sufficient probative force to be submitted to the jury. On this motion the evidence is to be considered in its most favorable light for the plaintiff. Teseneer v. Henrietta Mills Co., 209 N.C. 615, 184 S.E. 535.

The plaintiff offered evidence tending to show that she was the owner of a registered pedigreed Sealyham terrier dog, answering to the name of “Jimmy Whiskers.” *559 That on August 16, 1934, about noon, the dog, with leash attached, escaped from plaintiff's house and ran into the street, the plaintiff and her sister pursuing and calling the dog. There was no traffic on the street. Plaintiff's car was parked against the curb in front of her house. When the plaintiff reached the edge of the sidewalk she saw the defendant's car coming from the south, making a roaring sound, and the dog, 6 feet out in the street, barked at the on-coming car. Plaintiff yelled, “Stop that car, you will kill my dog,” defendant's car being then 200 feet away. At the sound of her voice the dog ceased to bark, turned toward his mistress and started in her direction. The dog was then 6 feet and 9 inches from the curb. The street at that point was 43 feet wide and straight. The defendant, without slackening speed, or swerving or making any change in her direction, drove over and killed the dog. Defendant's car barely missed plaintiff's car parked against the curb. Plaintiff testified: “The defendant's car made no effort to stop, or to swerve to the west and avoid striking my dog. I saw no indication that any brakes were applied in an endeavor to stop or swerve to the west and avoid striking my dog. At the time that I first screamed, when defendant's car was at the place I have indicated, there was ample room, and ample opportunity on Montford Avenue where the accident happened, for defendant's car to have swerved and avoided striking my dog. At that point Montford Avenue is 43 feet wide from curb to curb.”

While from the earliest times dogs have been the companions of man, for a long period their legal status was of low degree, and it was formerly held they were not property, and hence not the subjects of larceny. But in more recent times this ancient doctrine has given place to the modern view that ordinarily dogs constitute species of property, subject to all the incidents of chattels and valuable domestic animals. Cruelty to a dog is an indictable offense. It is now well settled that an action for negligent injury to a dog is maintainable. 2 A. J., 761-766; Dodson v. Mock, 20 N.C. 282, 32 Am. Dec. 677; Perry v. Phipps, 32 N.C. 259, 51 Am.Dec. 387; Mowery v. Salisbury, 82 N.C. 175; State v. Smith, 156 N.C. 628, 72 S.E. 321, 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 910; Scott v. Cates, 175 N.C. 336, 95 S.E. 551; Wilcox v. Butt's Drug Stores, 38 N.M. 502, 35 P.(2d) 978, 94 A.L.R. 726; Citizens' Rapid-Transit Co. v. Dew, 100 Tenn. 317, 45 S.W. 790, 40 L.R.A. 518, 66 Am.St.Rep. 754; Columbus R. Co. v. Woolfolk, 128 Ga. 631, 58 S.E. 152, 10 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1136, 119 Am.St.Rep. 404.

Even in the days of Blackstone, while it was declared that property in a dog was “base property,” it was nevertheless asserted that such property was sufficient to maintain a civil action for its loss. 4 Bl.Com. 236.

This is the first instance in which this court has been called upon to consider an action for negligent injury to a dog when it has been run over and killed by an automobile in the street, but the established principle is the same as in other actions for negligent injuries to dogs, and has been so applied in other states, notably in Sanders v. Hayes, 128 S.C. 181, 122 S.E. 572, 575; Flowerree v. Thornberry (Mo.App.) 183 S.W. 359; Wallace v. Waterhouse, 86 Conn. 546, 86 A. 10, Ann.Cas. 1914B, 82; 42 C.J. 1063; Lacker v. Strauss, 226 Mass. 579, 116 N.E. 236, L.R.A.1917F, 434; Denny v. Randall (Mo.App.) 202 S.W. 602.

In Sanders v. Hayes, supra, it was urged that no liability should attach for the reason that the driver of an automobile has a right to presume that the dog, being possessed of agility and celerity, will take care of himself and get out of the way, but that court held that “the motorist's liability for negligence in those circumstances is to be tested by the application of the standard of due care, untrammeled by presumptions of any kind. King v. Holliday, 116 S.C. 463, 108 S.E. 186. In the application of that standard the extent to which the driver of a moter vehicle on a street or highway may safely or properly rely upon the intelligence and agility of a dog to avoid a collision is a matter for the consideration of the triers of fact.”

Here the plaintiff's evidence, taken in its most favorable light, tended to show that the dog had stopped in the street about 6 feet and 9 inches from the curb, and was attentive to and moving toward his mistress, who was on the sidewalk; that this was easily observable by the driver of the on-coming car for a distance of 200 feet; that a very slight turn to the left in a broad street free from traffic, or the application of brakes, would have avoided the injury, but that *560 instead of doing so, the defendant drove the car without swerving or slackening speed, and ran over and killed the dog. There was evidence that the dog was of substantial market value. The contention that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence on her own statement is untenable on this record. Plaintiff's evidence was sufficient to require its submission to the jury.

It is proper to say that the defendant contends it was not her car that ran over the dog, but that of another, and that she was in nowise negligent. Plaintiff, however, testifies defendant admitted at the time that she killed the dog. This will be a matter for the jury.

In Strong v. Georgia Ry. & Elec. Co., 118 Ga. 515, 45 S.E. 366, 367, will be found an interesting tribute to the dog, and a delineation of his legal history, showing how “the dog has figured in mythology, history, poetry, fiction, and art from the earliest times down to the present.”

The life of “Jimmy Whiskers” was crushed out beneath the wheels of defendant's automobile, so plaintiff contends. She complains that her property has been destroyed by the failure of the defendant to exercise ordinary care to avoid the injury and she asks compensation therefor. She is entitled, on the evidence shown by the record, to have her case submitted to a jury under appropriate instructions.

There was error in granting the motion for nonsuit.

Reversed.

 

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